| Preface | 5 |
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| Foreword | 7 |
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| Table of Contents | 9 |
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| The physical and chemical fundamentals of fluorescence angiography | 11 |
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| Fluorescence | 12 |
| Fluorescein | 12 |
| Indocyanine Green | 13 |
| The Technical Fundamentals of Fluorescence Angiography | 15 |
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| The basic design of a scanning laser ophthalmoscope | 16 |
| Light Sources | 17 |
| Lasers for Fluorescein Angiography | 17 |
| Lasers for red- free fundus imaging | 18 |
| Lasers for Indocyanine green ( ICG) angiography | 19 |
| Lasers for reflective infrared imaging | 19 |
| The Fundamentals of Optical Imaging The confocal principle | 19 |
| Resolution in depth | 20 |
| Resolution in breadth | 20 |
| The Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2 | 20 |
| HRA2- Parameters for basic imaging modes | 21 |
| Simultaneous mode | 21 |
| Composite mode | 22 |
| Fixation assistance | 22 |
| Wide angle objective | 22 |
| ART module | 22 |
| Examination of the anterior segment | 22 |
| Stereoscopic imaging | 22 |
| Components of the analytical software | 23 |
| Normal Fluorescence Angiography and General Pathological Fluorescence Phenomena | 25 |
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| Normal Fluorescence Angiography and general pathological fluorescence phenomena | 26 |
| Choroid | 26 |
| Cilioretinal vessels | 26 |
| Optic disc | 26 |
| Retinal vessels | 26 |
| Macula | 26 |
| Sclera | 27 |
| Iris | 27 |
| Normal ICG- Angiography | 27 |
| Pathological fluorescence phenomena | 27 |
| Hyperfluorescence | 27 |
| Hypofluorescence | 28 |
| Fundus Autofluorescence | 41 |
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| Introduction | 42 |
| Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and modified fundus photography | 42 |
| Methods Fundamentals | 42 |
| The operational sequence of a fundus examination with the cSLO | 42 |
| Lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium | 43 |
| Normal fundus autofluorescence | 43 |
| Fundus autofluorescence – typical findings | 43 |
| Lipofuscin Melanin | 45 |
| Macular Disorders | 65 |
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| Age- Related Macular Degeneration ( AMD) | 66 |
| Drusen | 66 |
| Irregular Pigmentation of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium ( RPE) | 72 |
| Geographic atrophy of the RPE | 72 |
| Choroidal Neovascularization ( CNV) | 74 |
| Classic Choroidal Neovascularization | 74 |
| Occult Choroidal Neovascularization | 79 |
| Mixed Forms | 84 |
| Localization of Choroidal Neovascularization | 84 |
| Serous Detachment of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium | 86 |
| Breaks in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium ( RPE) | 92 |
| Idiopathic Polypoid Choroidal Vasculopathy | 94 |
| Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation ( RAP) | 96 |
| Disciform Scarring | 98 |
| Fluorescein Angiographic Phenomena Following Therapy | 100 |
| Laser Coagulation | 100 |
| Photodynamic Therapy ( PDT) | 100 |
| Anti VEGF Therapy | 100 |
| Cystoid Macular Edema | 112 |
| Hereditary Macular Disorders Stargardt’s Disease | 114 |
| Fundus Flavimaculatus | 114 |
| Best’s Disease ( Vitelliform Macular dystrophy) | 116 |
| Pattern Dystrophies of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium ( RPE) | 118 |
| Congenital X- Chromosome Retinoschisis | 120 |
| Adult Vitelliform Macular Degeneration ( AVMD) | 122 |
| The Macular Degeneration of Myopia | 124 |
| Angioid Streaks | 126 |
| Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ( CSC) | 128 |
| Chronic Idiopathic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ( CICSC) | 130 |
| Idiopathic Juxtafoveal Teleangiectasias | 132 |
| Epiretinal Gliosis | 134 |
| Macular Holes | 136 |
| Chloroquine Maculopathy | 138 |
| Retinal Vascular Disease | 141 |
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| Diabetic Retinopathy Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 142 |
| Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | 144 |
| Hypertensive Retinopathy | 146 |
| Retinal Arterial Occlusions Occlusion of the Central Retinal Artery | 148 |
| Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion | 148 |
| Retinal Vein Occlusions | 150 |
| Central Retinal Vein Occlusion ( CRVO) | 150 |
| Tributary Retinal Vein Occlusion | 154 |
| Retinal Macroaneurysms | 156 |
| Coats‘ Disease | 158 |
| Retinal Capillary Hemangioma | 160 |
| Cavernous Hemangioma of the Retina | 162 |
| Vascular Tortuosity | 164 |
| Inflammatory Retinal/Choroidal Disease | 167 |
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| Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis | 168 |
| Multifocal Choroiditis | 170 |
| Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy ( APMPPE) | 172 |
| Punctate inner Choroidopathy ( PIC) | 176 |
| Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome ( POHS) | 178 |
| Birdshot Chorioretinopathy | 180 |
| Perivasculitis | 183 |
| Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis | 183 |
| Inflammatory Macular Edema | 188 |
| Serpiginous Choroiditis | 190 |
| Diseases of the Optic Nerve Head | 193 |
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| Congenital Anomalies of the Optic Disc Oblique Insertion of the Optic Nerve | 194 |
| Myelinated Nerve Fibers | 194 |
| Drusen of the Optic Disc | 196 |
| Coloboma of the Optic Disc | 200 |
| Optic Pit | 200 |
| Capillary Hemangioma of the Juxtapapillary Retina | 204 |
| Endophytic Growth | 204 |
| Sessile Growth | 204 |
| Exophytic Growth | 208 |
| Pigmented Optic Disc Anomalies | 210 |
| Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy | 212 |
| Papillitis | 214 |
| Papilledema | 216 |
| Parapapillary Choroidal Neovascularization | 218 |
| Intraocular Tumors | 221 |
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| Choroidal Melanoma | 222 |
| Choroidal Metastases | 224 |
| Choroidal Hemangioma | 228 |
| Subject Index | 231 |
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