COMPETITIVENESS AND KNOWLEDGE:
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SCALEUPS IN EUROPEAN CITIES
Zoltán Cséfalvay, György Papp, and Zalán Horlik
1. THE GLOBAL RACE FOR SUPREMACY IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A geopolitically coloured technological race—without Europe?
If nothing else, the fanfare around ChatGPT that began in the spring of 2023 signalled to almost everyone that artificial intelligence could be one of the general-purpose technologies of the future, transforming both economies and societies thoroughly—even though there is no scientific consensus today on the technologies that will define the ongoing fourth industrial revolution.[6] What is still very surprising about ChatGPT’s success is not the use of AI but the incredibly rapid spread of the chatbot. ChatGPT was lau