| Acknowledgements | 6 |
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| Contents | 7 |
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| List of Figures | 10 |
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| List of Tables | 11 |
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| I Defining and Measuring Cultural Intelligence | 12 |
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| 1 Cross-Cultural Competence | 13 |
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| 1.1 Models of Cross-Cultural Effectiveness | 15 |
| 1.1.1 Components Models | 15 |
| 1.1.2 Coping and Adjustment Models | 16 |
| 1.1.3 Developmental and Learning Models | 16 |
| 1.1.4 Cultural Dimensions Approaches | 18 |
| 1.2 Measuring Cross-Cultural Competence | 18 |
| 1.2.1 Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory (CCAI) | 19 |
| 1.2.2 Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS) | 19 |
| 1.2.3 Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) | 20 |
| 1.2.4 Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS) | 20 |
| 1.2.5 Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) | 20 |
| 1.2.6 Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS) | 21 |
| 1.2.7 Global Competencies Inventory (GCI) | 21 |
| 1.3 Summary | 22 |
| References | 22 |
| 2 Conceptualizing Cultural Intelligence | 26 |
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| 2.1 Earley and Ang’s Concept | 28 |
| 2.1.1 Cognitive Facet | 30 |
| 2.1.2 Motivational Facet | 31 |
| 2.1.3 Behavioral Facet | 32 |
| 2.2 Thomas et al.’s Concept | 33 |
| 2.2.1 Cultural Knowledge | 34 |
| 2.2.2 Cultural Skills | 35 |
| 2.2.3 Cultural Metacognition | 35 |
| 2.2.4 Linking Function of Cultural Metacognition | 36 |
| References | 37 |
| 3 Measuring Cultural Intelligence | 40 |
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| 3.1 The CQS | 41 |
| 3.1.1 Temporal Stability | 42 |
| 3.1.2 Equivalence | 42 |
| 3.1.3 Discriminant and Incremental Validity | 43 |
| 3.1.4 Additional Scale Developments | 43 |
| 3.2 The SFCQ | 49 |
| 3.2.1 Cultural Knowledge | 50 |
| 3.2.2 Cultural Skills | 51 |
| 3.2.3 Cultural Metacognition | 52 |
| 3.2.4 Validity Assessments | 52 |
| 3.2.5 Measures | 52 |
| 3.3 Summary | 54 |
| References | 56 |
| 4 Conceptual and Measurement Issues | 59 |
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| 4.1 Conceptual Issues | 60 |
| 4.2 Measurement Issues | 63 |
| 4.3 Summary | 68 |
| References | 69 |
| II Present and Future Research on Cultural Intelligence | 72 |
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| 5 Development of Cultural Intelligence | 73 |
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| 5.1 Prior International Experience | 74 |
| 5.2 Personality Traits and Skills | 80 |
| 5.3 Formal Training Programs | 85 |
| 5.4 Experiential Learning Programs | 88 |
| 5.5 Summary | 94 |
| References | 96 |
| 6 Individual and Interpersonal Outcomes of Cultural Intelligence | 100 |
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| 6.1 Individual Level | 101 |
| 6.1.1 Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, and Creativity | 101 |
| 6.1.2 Intention to Work Abroad | 101 |
| 6.1.3 Cross-Cultural Adjustment | 103 |
| 6.1.4 Job Performance | 114 |
| 6.1.5 Global Leadership | 122 |
| 6.2 Interpersonal Level | 125 |
| 6.2.1 Trust and Social Acceptance | 125 |
| 6.2.2 Creative Collaboration | 132 |
| 6.2.3 Knowledge Transfer | 133 |
| 6.2.4 Conflict and Negotiation | 133 |
| 6.3 Summary | 135 |
| References | 135 |
| 7 Cultural Intelligence—Mediator, Moderator, and Higher Levels of Analysis | 140 |
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| 7.1 Cultural Intelligence as a Mediator | 141 |
| 7.2 Cultural Intelligence as a Moderator | 146 |
| 7.2.1 Experiential Learning and Mindset | 146 |
| 7.2.2 Cross-Cultural Adjustment and Expatriate Effectiveness | 149 |
| 7.2.3 Interpersonal Trust | 150 |
| 7.2.4 Negotiation | 150 |
| 7.3 Cultural Intelligence at the Team- and Organizational-Level | 151 |
| 7.3.1 Multicultural Teams (MCTs) | 151 |
| 7.3.2 Organizational Level | 160 |
| 7.4 Summary | 163 |
| References | 164 |
| 8 The Road Ahead | 167 |
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| 8.1 The Current Situation | 167 |
| 8.1.1 Alternatives to Cultural Intelligence | 169 |
| 8.2 Development Needed | 171 |
| 8.3 The Future | 172 |
| 8.3.1 Development of Cultural Intelligence | 173 |
| 8.3.2 Individual Differences and Cultural Intelligence | 174 |
| 8.3.3 Cultural Intelligence Across Levels | 175 |
| 8.3.4 Cultural Intelligence in Context | 176 |
| 8.3.5 Other Avenues for Research | 176 |
| 8.4 Summary | 177 |
| References | 178 |
| Index | 182 |