| Contents | 6 |
|---|
| 1 Introduction | 9 |
|---|
| 1.1 Topics and Aim of the Book | 9 |
| Appendix | 15 |
| References | 17 |
| 2 Basic Concepts for Plastic Response | 18 |
|---|
| 2.1 Introduction and Motivation | 18 |
| 2.2 Plastic Materials | 19 |
| 2.3 Measurable Fundamental Entities | 21 |
| 2.4 Mechanical Properties | 32 |
| 2.5 Rheology and Processing Features of Plastics | 41 |
| References | 42 |
| 3 Molecular Structure Requirements | 43 |
|---|
| 3.1 Introduction | 43 |
| 3.2 Fossil Resources Derived Polymers | 45 |
| 3.2.1 Polyolefins | 46 |
| 3.2.2 Polystyrenes | 53 |
| 3.2.3 Polyesters | 54 |
| 3.2.4 Polyamides | 58 |
| 3.2.5 Polycarbonates (PC) | 59 |
| 3.2.6 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) | 60 |
| 3.2.7 Acrylic Polymers | 61 |
| 3.3 Bio-related Polymers from Renewable Resources | 64 |
| 3.3.1 Polyethylene from Fermentation Monomer | 65 |
| 3.3.2 Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) | 66 |
| 3.3.3 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) | 67 |
| 3.3.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) | 69 |
| 3.4 Structure to Fundamental Properties | 71 |
| References | 78 |
| 4 Synthesis of Polymers for Plastic Materials | 79 |
|---|
| 4.1 Motivation | 79 |
| 4.2 Monomers from Fossil Resources | 80 |
| 4.2.1 Hydrocarbon Monomers from Oil | 85 |
| 4.2.2 Monomers Containing Heteroatoms | 87 |
| 4.3 Polymerization Processes | 87 |
| 4.3.1 General Aspects | 87 |
| 4.3.2 Chain Polymerization Processes | 90 |
| 4.3.3 Stepwise Polymerization | 97 |
| 4.3.4 Copolymerization | 100 |
| 4.4 Processing to Materials | 103 |
| References | 112 |
| 5 The Obtainment of Bioplastics | 113 |
|---|
| 5.1 The Controversial Definition of Bioplastics | 113 |
| 5.2 Biopolymers from Natural Resources | 114 |
| 5.3 Bioplastics in Engineered Systems | 123 |
| 5.4 Monomers from Nature and Their Polymerization Derivatives | 128 |
| 5.5 Bioplastic Formulation and Processing | 132 |
| References | 138 |
| 7 Environmental Impact | 166 |
|---|
| 7.1 Plastics and Bioplastics Versus Environment | 166 |
| 7.2 Materials from Oil and Renewable Sources | 172 |
| 7.3 Production Processes | 177 |
| 7.4 Consumer Use | 183 |
| 7.5 Disposal, Recycling, Biodegradation | 184 |
| 7.5.1 Biodegradation | 186 |
| 7.5.2 Recycling | 189 |
| References | 192 |
| 8 Response of Society and Market | 193 |
|---|
| 8.1 Society and Plastics | 193 |
| 8.2 Available Raw Materials | 195 |
| 8.2.1 Monomers from Alcohols | 197 |
| 8.2.2 Monomers and Building Blocks from Diols and Polyols | 198 |
| 8.2.3 Lactic Acid and PLA | 200 |
| 8.2.4 Polyamides | 201 |
| 8.2.5 Acrylic Polymers | 202 |
| 8.2.6 Other Bio-derived Building Blocks for Plastic Polymers | 203 |
| 8.3 Ultimate Properties for Distinct Applications | 207 |
| 8.4 Market Evaluation and Future Developments | 209 |
| References | 211 |
| Epilogue-A Current Consideration | 213 |
|---|
| Index | 215 |
|---|
