| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 8 |
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| Part I Contextualizing Fitness Doping | 10 |
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| 1 Introduction | 11 |
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| Introduction | 11 |
| Aims and Methodological Point of Departure | 14 |
| Concepts and Terminology | 16 |
| Fitness Doping Prevalence | 17 |
| Analytical Framework | 19 |
| Readers’ Guidelines | 21 |
| References | 24 |
| 2 Doping—Historical and Contemporary Perspectives | 28 |
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| Introduction | 28 |
| The Pre-history of Gym Culture and Doping | 30 |
| The Sculpted and Doped Body | 33 |
| Female Bodybuilders—Crossing the Boundaries | 35 |
| Confessions and Crises in Bodybuilding | 38 |
| The Fitness Revolution—Cleaning Up the Mess | 41 |
| Natural Bodies and Bodybuilding | 43 |
| A Globalized (and Virtual) Drug Market—Entering a Fifth Phase? | 44 |
| Conclusions | 46 |
| References | 48 |
| 3 Glocal Fitness Doping | 54 |
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| Introduction | 54 |
| The Hegemony and Limitations of WADA | 55 |
| Fitness Doping in the USA and Sweden | 57 |
| Welfare Regimes and Doping | 58 |
| Individual Freedom and Doping in the USA | 59 |
| Fitness Doping as a Societal Problem in Sweden | 64 |
| Comparing Policy, Practice, and Prevention | 67 |
| Conclusions | 70 |
| References | 71 |
| Part II Doping Trajectories | 76 |
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| 4 Images of (Ab)Users | 77 |
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| Introduction | 77 |
| The Coach and Fitness Doper | 78 |
| Charlie and the Secret Society | 82 |
| Christine and the Gender Balance | 84 |
| Side Effects and Youth Prevention | 87 |
| Variations in Fitness Doping | 90 |
| References | 92 |
| 5 (Un)Becoming a Doping User | 93 |
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| Introduction | 93 |
| Engaging and Disengaging—A Short Background | 95 |
| Trajectories, Identities, and Doping | 97 |
| Approaching the Gym | 99 |
| Thoughts About the Perfect Body | 101 |
| Approaching Doping | 106 |
| Unbecoming a Fitness Doper | 110 |
| Conclusions | 114 |
| References | 116 |
| 6 Fitness Doping Online | 120 |
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| Introduction | 120 |
| Community of Practice and Drug Use | 121 |
| Resisting the Law | 123 |
| Transcending Identities and Potential Health Risk | 126 |
| Steroids and the Genetic Maximum | 131 |
| Conclusions | 134 |
| References | 136 |
| Part III Doped Bodies and Gender | 140 |
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| 7 Re-conceptualizing Doping and Masculinity | 141 |
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| Introduction | 141 |
| Masculinities and the Gender Politics of Fitness Doping | 143 |
| Becoming a Man and the Risk of Losing It All | 145 |
| Negotiating Fitness Doping and the Bodybuilding Body | 148 |
| Inclusive Masculinities and the Symbolism of Homoerotic Practices | 152 |
| Online Fitness Doping, Career, and Family Life | 155 |
| Conclusions | 158 |
| References | 161 |
| 8 Female Fitness Doping | 165 |
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| Introduction | 165 |
| Enter: Female Bodybuilders | 166 |
| A Silent Revolution | 168 |
| PIED Use, the Law, and the Other Gender | 170 |
| Accepting the Rules of the Game | 173 |
| Approaching PIEDs in the Context of Online Communication | 175 |
| Conclusions | 179 |
| References | 181 |
| Part IV Conclusions | 185 |
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| 9 Trajectories and the New Doping Demography | 186 |
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| Introduction | 186 |
| Doping Trajectories | 188 |
| Challenging Gender and the Internet | 191 |
| Health and Lifestyles | 194 |
| Merging Subculture and Common Culture | 196 |
| Final Remarks—Issues and Controversies | 197 |
| References | 199 |
| 10 Research Design and Methodological Considerations | 201 |
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| Introduction | 201 |
| Longitudinal Ethnographic Study | 203 |
| Fitness Doping Netnography | 207 |
| National Comparative Study | 210 |
| References | 211 |
| Index | 214 |