: Thomas J. Peterson, J. G. Weisend II
: Cryogenic Safety A Guide to Best Practice in the Lab and Workplace
: Springer-Verlag
: 9783030165086
: 1
: CHF 151.90
:
: Allgemeines, Lexika
: English
: 225
: Wasserzeichen/DRM
: PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
: PDF

This book describes the current state of the art in cryogenic safety best practice, helping the reader to work with cryogenic systems and materials safely.  It brings together information from previous texts, industrial and laboratory safety polices, and recent research papers. Case studies, example problems, and an extensive list of references are included to add to the utility of the text.

It describes the unique safety hazards posed by cryogenics in all its guises, including issues associated with the extreme cold of cryogenics, the flammability of some cryogenic fluids, the displacement of oxygen by inert gases boiling off from cryogenic fluids, and the high pressures that can be formed during the volume expansion that occurs when a cryogenic fluid becomes a room temperature gas.  A further chapter considers the challenges arising from the behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Many materials are inappropriate for use in cryogenics and can fail, resulting in hazardous conditions.  Despite these hazards, work at cryogenic temperatures can be performed safely.

The book also discusses broader safety issues such as hazard analysis, establishment of a safe work culture and lessons  learned from cryogenic  safety in accelerator labs. This book is designed to be useful to everyone affected by cryogenic hazards regardless of their expertise in cryogenics.




Tom Peterson has over 40 years of experience in large-scale cryogenic engineering for particle accelerators and test facilities.  He holds a BA in mathematics and an MS in Engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison.  His experience includes design, commissioning, and operation of large-scale helium cryogenic systems, including serving as project engineer for systems cooling superconductors in superfluid helium.  Peterson's international experience includes 1.5 years at the Deutsches Electronen Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg, Germany and collaboration with CERN for Fermilab's contributions to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).  He joined the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in 2016 where his present position is Technical Director for the Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) Project at SLAC. 

John Weisend is currently Deputy Head of Accelerator Projects and Group Leader for Specialized Technical Services at The European Spallation Source, Lund, Sweden. He is also an Adjunct professor at Lund University. He received his Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering& Engineering Physics from the University of Wisconsin - Madison, where he investigated engineering applications of He II. He has worked at the SSC Laboratory, the Centre D'Etudes Nucleaires Grenoble, the Deutsches Elecktronen-Synchrotron Laboratory (DESY), the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), the National Science Foundation and Michigan State University. 
Dr. Weisend's research interests include He II and large scale accelerator cryogenics. He is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Cryogenic Society of America (CSA). He has led the CSA Short Course Program since 2001. 
He is Chief Technical Editor of Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. In addition to co-authoring more than 70 technical papers, Dr. Weisend is the author of He is for Helium, the co-author (with N. Filina) of Cryogenic Two-Phase Flow and the editor of the Handbook of Cryogenic Engineering and of Cryostat Design. He writes a regular column 'Cryo Bios' for the publicationCold Facts and is a member of both the Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Engineering Conference Boards.

Acknowledgements6
Introduction7
References10
Contents11
Authors and Contributors16
1 Properties of Fluids and Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures19
1.1 Example Accident19
1.2 Introduction21
1.3 Cryogenic Fluids21
1.3.1 Volume Ratios22
1.3.2 Flammability Hazards22
1.3.3 Oxygen Hazards23
1.3.4 Liquid Nitrogen and Ionizing Radiation23
1.3.5 Cold Hazards24
1.4 Cryogenic Properties of Materials24
1.4.1 Appropriate and Inappropriate Materials for Cryogenics25
1.4.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement26
1.4.3 Thermal Contraction26
1.4.4 Strength28
1.5 Sources of Material Property Data28
1.5.1 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids28
1.5.2 Cryogenic Properties of Materials29
1.5.3 Research on Material Properties29
1.6 Best Practices30
References31
2 General Cryogenic Safety32
2.1 Example Accident32
2.2 Introduction33
2.3 Effects of Cold33
2.3.1 Mitigation33
2.4 Personal Protective Equipment34
2.5 First Aid35
2.6 Handling of Cryostats and Dewars36
2.7 Pressurized Systems37
2.8 Presence of Magnetic Fields38
2.9 Housekeeping39
2.10 Job Hazard Analysis, Procedures, Training and Safe Work Culture39
2.10.1 Job Hazard Analysis39
2.10.2 Procedures41
2.10.3 Training41
2.10.4 Safe Work Culture41
2.11 Best Practices42
Appendix42
References45
3 Pressure Safety in Cryogenics46
3.1 Example Accident46
3.2 Cryogenic Pressure Safety—Introduction and Safety Requirements47
3.3 Sources of Pressure49
3.4 Analytical Methods for Vent Line and Relief Sizing51
3.5 Relief Devices56
3.6 Examples of Venting System Analyses59
3.7 Examples of the Impact on Cryogenic Design62
3.8 More General Cryogenic System Safety Reviews64
3.9 Conclusions and Best Practices65
References66
4 Oxygen Deficiency Hazards68
4.1 Example Accident68
4.2 Nature of the Hazard68
4.3 Basics of ODH Safety70
4.4 Mitigations71
4.5 ODH Risk Analysis74
4.5.1 Scaling Analysis75
4.5.2 Risk Assessment76
4.6 Proper Response to ODH Alarms and Events79
4.7 Helium Vapor Release Studies and Numerical Modeling80
4.8 Best Practices81
Appendix82
References93
5 Oxygen Safety94
5.1 Example Accident95
5.2 History96
5.2.1 Discovery96
5.2.2 Production and Distribution97
5.2.3 Accidents98
5.3 Properties99
5.4 Basic Principles for the Safe Use of Oxygen100
5.4.1 Liquid Oxygen Safety100
5.4.2 Gaseous Oxygen Safety102
5.5 Oxygen Enrichment—What Happens if There is Too Much Oxygen?102
5.5.1 Causes102
5.6 Oxygen Deficiency—What Happens if There is Too Little Oxygen?103
5.6.1 Causes103
5.6.2 Hazards104
5.7 Personnel Safety and Health104
5.7.1 Review/Maintenance105
5.7.2 Certification106
5.7.3 Emergency Response106
5.7.4 Buddy System107
5.8 System Design107
5.8.1 Overall Guidelines107
5.8.2 Reviews110
5.8.3 Typical Review Stages110
5.9 Design of Gaseous Oxygen (GOX) Systems110
5.10 Design of Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Systems113
5.11 Material Compatibility116
5.12 Construction/Fabrication/Operations118
5.12.1 Facility Planning118
5.12.2 Manufacturing, Installation and Operations119
5.13 Cleaning121
5.14 Oxygen Hazards Examples (Informative)126
5.14.1 Example 1—Suitability of G10 for Instrumentation Support in a LOX Cryostat126
5.14.2 Example 2—Oxygen Enrichment Due