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The Philosophy and Practice of Medicine and Bioethics A Naturalistic-Humanistic Approach

:	Barbara Maier, Warren A. Shibles
:	The Philosophy and Practice of Medicine and Bioethics A Naturalistic-Humanistic Approach
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048188673
:	1
:	CHF 190.00
:

:	Allgemeines
:	English

:	543
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book challenges the unchallenged methods in medicine, such as 'evidence-based medicine,' which claim to be, but often are not, scientific. It completes medical care by adding the comprehensive humanistic perspectives and philosophy of medicine. No specific or absolute recommendations are given regarding medical treatment, moral approaches, or legal advice. Given rather is discussion about each issue involved and the strongest arguments indicated. Each argument is subject to further critical analysis. This is the same position as with any philosophical, medical or scientific view. The argument that decision-making in medicine is inadequate unless grounded on a philosophy of medicine is not meant to include all of philosophy and every philosopher. On the contrary, it includes only sound, practical and humanistic philosophy and philosophers who are creative and critical thinkers and who have concerned themselves with the topics relevant to medicine. These would be those philosophers who engage in practical philosophy, such as the pragmatists, humanists, naturalists, and ordinary-language philosophers. A new definition of our own philosophy of life emerges and it is necessary to have one. Good lifestyle no longer means just abstaining from cigarettes, alcohol and getting exercise. It also means living a holistic life, which includes all of one's thinking, personality and actions. This book also includes new ways of thinking. In this regard the 'Metaphorical Method' is explained, used, and exemplified in depth, for example in the chapters on care, egoism and altruism, letting die, etc.

Warren Shibles was a Senior philosophy professor at the University of Wisconsin at Whitewater, Wisconsin and also taught courses at Tübingen, Germany. He has published 27 books, and over 180 professional journal articles.He also was a researcher in phonetics. He died in July 2007. Barbara Maier is a Senior physician, gynaecologist and obstetrician at the Women`s Hospital in Salzburg and head of the Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction at the University Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Salzburg, Austria. She has been teaching ethics in medicine at the Institute for Ethics and Law at the University of Vienna since 1993. She has a Ph.D. in Philosophy, and M.D from the University of Vienna.

	Contents	7
	The Rationale Behind the Book	18
	About the Authors	22
	1 Metaphor in Medicine: The Metaphorical Method	23
	1.1 Introduction	23
	1.2 Types of Metaphor	26
	1.2.1 Substitution	26
	1.2.2 Juxtaposition	26
	1.2.3 Analogy, Simile, or Comparison	26
	1.2.4 Symbolism	26
	1.2.5 Metonymy	26
	1.2.6 Synecdoche	27
	1.2.7 Synesthesia	27
	1.2.8 Reversal	27
	1.2.9 Personification	27
	1.2.10 Oxymora or Combination of Opposites	28
	1.2.11 Deviation	28
	1.2.12 Metaphor-to-Myth Fallacy	28
	1.3 Metaphorical Methods Should be Considered for Analysis of and Writing Research Papers	29
	1.4 Case Example: A Healthcare Worker (H) Patient (P) Metaphoric: H/P Modeling in Medicine	33
	1.5 H/P Models	34
	1.5.1 H = P	34
	1.5.2 H versus P	34
	1.5.3 Not H and not P	34
	1.5.4 H or P	35
	1.5.5 H and P	35
	1.5.6 H not P	35
	1.5.7 P not H	35
	1.5.8 H (verb) P	35
	1.5.9 P (verb) H	35
	1.5.10 H = P	35
	1.5.11 H ? P	35
	References	36
	2 Definition	37
	2.1 Where Does It Come from that We Think We Need to Define?	37
	2.2 Distinction Between Types of Definition	40
	References	43
	3 Decision-Making: Fallacies and Other Mistakes	45
	3.1 Conditions of Decision-Making	45
	3.2 Frequent Causes of Irrational Medical Thinking and Decision-Making	46
	3.3 Five Levels of Decision-Making in Medicine	50
	3.4 Fallacies in Decision-Making	51
	3.5 Mistakes	56
	3.5.1 What are Mistakes?	56
	3.5.2 What are Indications of Errors?	57
	3.5.3 Indications that Mistakes are Often Preventable Ones	58
	3.5.4 What are the Reasons for the Mistakes?	59
	3.5.4.1 Questionable Medical Treatments	59
	3.5.4.2 Error is Necessary	59
	3.5.4.3 Uncritical Thinking (Speaking)	59
	3.5.4.4 Medical Knowledge Is Lacking	59
	3.5.4.5 System as a Cause of Error	59
	3.5.4.6 Some Mistakes Are Not Mistakes	60
	3.5.4.7 Guidelines Are Not Followed	60
	3.5.4.8 Self-Caused Mistakes	60
	3.5.4.9 Patient Errors	60
	3.5.4.10 Lack of Sufficient Attention	60
	3.5.4.11 Misdiagnosis	60
	3.5.4.12 Overwork	61
	3.5.4.13 Limitations of Knowledge in Medicine	61
	3.5.4.14 Unfair Medical Threats of Malpractice Suits Threaten Physicians	61
	3.5.4.15 Unfair Blame	61
	3.5.4.16 Protocols of Good Management Are Violated	62
	3.5.4.17 Unfairness of the Law	62
	3.5.4.18 Negative Emotions	63
	3.5.5 Case Example: Misleading Diagnosis	63
	3.5.6 Personal Experiences: Mistakes	64
	References	65
	4 Analysis of Causation in Medicine	67
	4.1 Decision-Making and Cause	68
	4.2 Synonyms of Cause	70
	4.3 Antonyms for Cause	71
	4.4 Metaphorical Models for Cause	71
	4.5 Substitutions for Cause	71
	4.6 Temporal Factors in Causality	71
	4.7 Types of Causality	72
	4.8 Summary	84
	References	85
	5 Ethics and Non-ethics	87
	5.1 Introduction	87
	5.2 A Naturalistic Theory of Ethics	91
	5.3 What Is Ethics in Actual Usage?	94
	5.4 Ethics and Morals: An Unethical Society	102
	5.5 Value Contradictions	105
	5.6 Examples of Contradictions	106
	5.7 On Being Non-ethical and Anti-Inquiry	109
	5.8 Brief Conclusion	111
	5.9 An Ethics Text for British Medical Schools	112
	5.10 Case Example: Medicine and Dysfunctional Culture (Made Available by Dr Wolf Michael Luetje, Head of the Womens Hospital Viersee in Germany)	113
	5.11 Case Example: Military Medical Service as Contradictory to Medical Practice	114
	5.12 Insensitivity to Killing: The Failure to be Embarrassed	117
	5.13 Case Example: On Sensitivity	119
	5.14 Case Example: Tsunami Disaster and Cultural Irresponsibility	120
	5.15 Case Example: Culture and Family as Anti-Medicine: Female Circumcision	122
	References	125
	6 Medicotheology and Biotheology	133
	6.1 Introduction: How Many People Have Religious Beliefs?	133
	6.2 The Influence of Religion on Bioethics and Medicine	134
	6.3 Church Opposition to Medicine	137
	6.4 Should Medicine Be Based on Supernaturalism?	139
	6.5 Science and Metaphysical Causes?	139
	6.6 Case Example: Religion and Autonomy	140
	6.7 Religion Versus Medicine: A Common Ground?	141
	6.8 Religion as Ethics	142
	6.9 Ethics Committees	143
	6.10 Humanism Versus Religion	144
	6.11 Absolute Religious Ethics Versus Consequentialism	145
	6.12 Case Example: Deprogramming Religion in Medicine	145
	6.13 Case Example: A Real Woman	146
	6.14 The Person as a Soul	147
	6.15 Sanctity-of-Life (Human)	147
	6.16 General Observations Regarding the Value of Human Life	148
	6.17 Contradictions Regarding the Sanctity-of-Life Doctrine	149
	6.18 Selected Arguments from the Philosophy of Religion	150
	6.19 Prayer as Medical Treatment	151
	References	154
	7 Emotion In Medicine	158
	7.1 Introduction	158
	7.2 Case Example: Non-mental Associations Provide Complexity to