| Foreword | 5 |
|---|
| Preface | 7 |
|---|
| Contents | 9 |
|---|
| Part I: A New Roadmap for Development of a PRO Measure | 13 |
|---|
| 1: Overview | 14 |
| Patient-Reported Outcome as a Concept | 15 |
| Scope for the Use of PROs | 15 |
| Assessing PROs in Long-Term Conditions | 17 |
| Approaches to Measuring PROs | 20 |
| Aims and Objectives | 21 |
| References | 23 |
| 2: Approaches to the Development and Use of PRO Measures: A New Roadmap | 25 |
| Characteristics of a PROM: Core Measurement Attributes | 26 |
| Conceptual Framework | 26 |
| Measurement Models and Scoring Algorithms | 26 |
| Acceptability and Practicality | 27 |
| Validity | 27 |
| Content Validity | 27 |
| Construct Validity | 28 |
| Criterion Validity | 29 |
| Reliability | 29 |
| Internal Consistency | 29 |
| Split-Half Reliability | 29 |
| Inter-Rater Reliability | 30 |
| Temporal Stability (Test-Retest Reliability) | 30 |
| Responsiveness | 30 |
| Interpretability | 31 |
| Characteristics of a PROM: Additional Attributes | 31 |
| Response Scales | 31 |
| Frame of Reference | 31 |
| Mode of Administration | 32 |
| Interview Format | 32 |
| Paper-and-Pencil Self-Completion | 32 |
| Electronic PRO (ePRO) Self-Completion | 33 |
| Interactive Voice Response (IVR) Self-Completion | 33 |
| A Roadmap for the Development of a PROM | 33 |
| Step 1: Define Objectives of Development of the PROM | 35 |
| Step 2: Generate Hypothesis and Conceptualise the PROM: Disease Model/Hypothetical Conceptual Physico-Psychosocial Model | 35 |
| Review of Literature and PROMs | 35 |
| Disease Burden | 35 |
| Appraisal of Relevant PROMs | 36 |
| Development of Hypothetical Conceptual Framework | 36 |
| Step 3: Gather and Select Item Concepts: Concept Elicitation/Qualitative Research | 36 |
| Eliciting Patient Input: Investigating the Experience of Patients Using Qualitative Research Methods | 37 |
| Step 4: Design and Build the PROM: Content Definition/Item Generation | 38 |
| Step 5: Refine the PROM’s Content: Cognitive Debriefing/Content Validation Panels | 39 |
| Cognitive Interviews | 39 |
| Expert Panel for Content Validation | 39 |
| Step 6: Explore PROM’s Practicality and Applicability | 40 |
| Step 7: Fine-Tune the PROM, Evaluate Item Performance and Establish Scoring Algorithms | 40 |
| Step 8: Generate Psychometric Evidence and Other Supportive Information | 43 |
| Validity | 43 |
| Reliability | 44 |
| Responsiveness | 44 |
| Interpretability | 45 |
| Cross-Cutting Emergent Approaches | 46 |
| Patient Engagement | 46 |
| Use of Social Networking Sites | 47 |
| Appendix: Technical Notes | 48 |
| Practical Considerations in Study Design During PRO Development | 48 |
| Sample Size | 48 |
| Missing Data | 49 |
| Suggestions for Statistical Analysis in PROM Development | 50 |
| Performing Exploratory Factor Analysis | 51 |
| Performing Rasch Analysis | 52 |
| References | 54 |
| Part II: An Illustration of the New PRO measure development Roadmap Using Research in Hyperhidrosis as A Practical Example | 60 |
|---|
| 3: Conceptualisation and Qualitative Development of a PRO Measure | 61 |
| Part I: Hyperhidrosis Disease—Disease Background | 61 |
| Impact on HRQoL | 63 |
| Part II: The Qualitative Development of the Hyperhidrosis Quality of Life Index (HidroQoL) | 65 |
| Step 1: Define Objectives of Development of the PROM | 65 |
| Broad Aim | 65 |
| Secondary Objectives | 65 |
| Step 2: Hypothesis Generation and Conceptualisation | 66 |
| Methods | 66 |
| Literature Review to Uncover the Impacts of Hyperhidrosis on Patients’ HRQoL | 66 |
| Critical Appraisal of the Instruments Used in HRQoL Measurement in Hyperhidrosis | 66 |
| Results | 67 |
| Impacts of Hyperhidrosis on Patients’ HRQoL | 67 |
| Tools Used in HRQoL Measuremen
|