| Foreword by Tanya S. Beder | 5 |
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| Contents | 8 |
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| List of Figures | 10 |
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| List of Tables | 15 |
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| Managing Country Risk in an Age of Globalization: Introduction | 19 |
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| 1 Assessing Risk in a Global Economy | 26 |
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| 1.1Introduction | 26 |
| 1.2What Is Risk? | 26 |
| 1.2.1A Multifaceted Concept | 26 |
| 1.2.2Risk, Uncertainty, and Ambiguity | 27 |
| 1.2.3A Spectrum of Diverse Issues | 30 |
| 1.2.4A Source of Loss and Gain | 33 |
| 1.2.5The Effect on Other Outcomes | 33 |
| 1.2.6A Function of Perspective | 34 |
| 1.2.7Inherent Versus Residual Risk | 34 |
| 1.2.8Risk Appetite | 35 |
| 1.3What Is Risk Management? | 38 |
| 1.3.1A Way of Thinking | 38 |
| 1.3.2What Risk Management Requires | 38 |
| 1.4Conclusion | 40 |
| References | 43 |
| 2 What Is Country Risk? | 45 |
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| 2.1Introduction—The Discovery of Risk | 45 |
| 2.2The Emergence of Risk Assessment | 46 |
| 2.3Risk, Uncertainty, and Volatility | 50 |
| 2.4What Is Country Risk All About? | 53 |
| 2.5The Evolution in the Nature and Scope of Country Risk | 55 |
| 2.6Defining Country Risk | 65 |
| 2.7The Main Components of Country Risk | 66 |
| 2.8How Does Country Risk Materialize? | 70 |
| 2.9Is There an Optimal Institutional Organization for Country Risk Management? | 72 |
| 2.10Conclusion | 72 |
| Appendix 2.1: Four Examples of Country Risk Exposure | 73 |
| References | 75 |
| 3 Country Risk in the Age of Globalization: Cycles and Dynamics. A Review of Literature | 77 |
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| 3.1Introduction to the Main Approaches to Country Risk Analysis | 77 |
| 3.1.1The Analysis of Country Risk Has Continuously Evolved | 77 |
| 3.1.2The Scope of Country Risk Has Continuously Evolved | 78 |
| 3.1.3Puzzling Over the Anatomy of Crises | 79 |
| 3.1.4The Global Financial Crisis Has Changed the “Frame Analysis” | 80 |
| 3.2Is Country Risk Prediction Doomed to Failure in the Age of Globalization? | 82 |
| 3.2.1Quantitative Versus Qualitative Approach | 83 |
| 3.3What About New Kind of Crises and New Related Indicators? | 84 |
| 3.3.1Push Versus Pull Factors | 84 |
| 3.3.2In the Long Run, We Are All Dead | 87 |
| 3.4The Cyclic Nature of Crises Is Increasingly at the Heart of Country Risk Analysis | 87 |
| 3.4.1Sources of Cycles | 88 |
| 3.4.2Bunches of Defaults | 88 |
| 3.4.3Amplifying Factors and Minsky Moment | 89 |
| 3.4.4Recurrent Cyclic Patterns | 91 |
| 3.4.5Vicious Spirals | 92 |
| 3.4.6Distorted Incentives | 93 |
| 3.5Additional Sources of Cycles and Volatility | 94 |
| 3.5.1Prices and Exchange Rates | 94 |
| 3.5.2Risk Appetite and Market Sentiment | 95 |
| 3.5.3Commodities are also “Super-Cyclical” | 95 |
| 3.5.4Real Estate Cycles and Global Impact | 96 |
| 3.6Globalization and Country Vulnerabilities | 99 |
| 3.6.1Holistic Perspective and Interactions | 99 |
| 3.6.2Vulnerability Factors Identified by Scholars | 99 |
| 3.6.3Tolerance and Resilience Factors | 100 |
| 3.6.4“Communicating Vessels” Effect | 100 |
| 3.7Structural Vulnerabilities | 103 |
| 3.7.1Trade Vulnerabilities | 103 |
| 3.7.2A Mix of Structural Weaknesses and Growth Bottleneck | 104 |
| 3.8Developing Countries: Geometrically Variable Models | 105 |
| 3.8.1Setting the Scene | 105 |
| 3.8.2Inequalities and Wealth Gap | 105 |
| 3.8.3Institutions and Governance | 106 |
| 3.8.4The Paradox of Plenty | 107 |
| 3.9Concluding Remarks | 110 |
| References | 110 |
| 4 Country Risk Assessment: The Key Role of Official Information Sources | 117 |
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| 4.1Introduction: Assessing Uncertainty to Manage Risk | 117 |
| 4.2The Key Sources of Country Risk-Related Economic Intelligence | 119 |
| 4.3Official Sources of Country Risk Information: The National Institutions | 120 |
| 4.3.1The Role of the Paris Club | 120 |
| 4.3.2The Role of OECD Countries’ Export Credit Agencies | 120 |
| 4.3.2.1 Compagnie Française D’Assurance et de Crédit à L’Exportation (Coface) | 121 |
| 4.3.2.2 US Export-Import Bank (EXIM) | 121 |
| 4.3.2.3 The Role of OECD Countries’ Central Banks and Treasuries | 123 |
| 4.3.2.4 The Role of the Bank of Canada’s Comprehensive Debt Database | 124 |
| 4.3.2.5 US Fed, US Treasury, Office of Financial Research, and FFIEC | 124 |
| 4.3.2.6 The US Central Intelligence Agency | 1 |