| Acknowledgements | 6 |
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| Table of Contents | 7 |
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| List of Figures | 10 |
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| List of Tables | 12 |
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| List of Abbreviations | 13 |
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| 1 Introduction | 15 |
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| 1.1. Research problem | 15 |
| 1.2. Goal of this work | 23 |
| 1.3. Structure of dissertation | 25 |
| 2 Foundations of mergers and acquisitions | 28 |
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| 2.1. Classification | 28 |
| 2.1.1 Definitions | 28 |
| 2.1.2 Stages | 34 |
| 2.1.3 Typology | 38 |
| 2.2. Emergence | 42 |
| 2.2.1 Management motives | 42 |
| 2.2.2 Entry mode choice | 44 |
| 2.2.3 Merger waves | 47 |
| 2.3. Value creation | 50 |
| 2.3.1 Profitability measurement and antecedents of performance | 50 |
| 2.3.2 Performance drivers of domestic versus cross-border M | 50 |
| 54 | 50 |
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| 2.3.3 Shareholder value creation and the integration process | 57 |
| 2.4. Summary | 60 |
| 3 Mergers and acquisitions in Japan | 61 |
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| 3.1. Japanese economy | 61 |
| 3.1.1 Economic and market overview | 61 |
| 3.1.2 Foreign direct investments | 66 |
| 3.1.3 Recent economic conditions and outlook | 70 |
| 3.2. M | 70 |
| 72 | 70 |
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| 3.2.1 Development of the Japanese M | 70 |
| 72 | 70 |
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| 3.2.2 Legal environment for M | 70 |
| 76 | 70 |
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| 3.2.3 Japanese inbound M | 70 |
| 78 | 70 |
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| 3.3. Summary | 81 |
| 4 National culture and organizational culture in Japan | 84 |
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| 4.1. Culture in cross-border M | 84 |
| 84 | 84 |
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| 4.2. Japan s national culture | 89 |
| 4.2.1 Toward a definition of culture | 89 |
| 4.2.2 Theories and empirical research on national culture | 94 |
| 4.2.3 Selected research on Japanese national culture | 98 |
| 4.3. Japan's organizational culture | 109 |
| 4.3.1 Toward a definition of organizational culture | 109 |
| 4.3.2 How national culture influences organizational culture | 111 |
| 4.3.3 Selected research on Japanese organizational culture | 114 |
| 4.4. Summary | 122 |
| 5 Employee reactions to M | 122 |
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| 5 Employee reactions to M | 122 |
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| 125 | 122 |
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| 5.1. Overview of M | 122 |
| 125 | 122 |
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| 5.1.1 Theoretical perspectives | 126 |
| 5.1.2 Selection of theoretical perspective | 132 |
| 5.2. The importance of the employees view in M | 132 |
| 134 | 132 |
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| 5.3. Critical employee attitudes and behavioral intentions in M | 132 |
| 139 | 132 |
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| 5.3.1 Commitment to change | 139 |
| 5.3.2 Intention to stay | 141 |
| 5.3.3 Job satisfaction | 141 |
| 5.3.4 Perception of success | 143 |
| 5.4. Factors that affect employee resistance after organizational change | 145 |
| 5.4.1 Overview of extant research | 145 |
| 5.4.2 Organizational identification | 152 |
| 5.4.3 Organizational justice | 155 |
| 5.5. Theoretical model deduction and hypotheses development for the Japanese context | 158 |
| 5.6. Summary | 164 |
| 6 Empirical study | 166 |
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| 6.1. Research design | 166 |
| 6.1.1 Choice of analysis method | 166 |
| 6.1.2 Foundations of PLS-SEM | 167 |
| 6.1.3 Path model construction | 177 |
| 6.1.4 Sampling method | 182 |
| 6.2. Sample and data structure | 183 |
| 6.3. Results of the PLS-SEM analysis | 186 |
| 6.3.1 Main results | 186 |
| 6.3.2 Mediator analysis | 193 |
| 6.3.3 Moderator analysis | 195 |
| 6.3.4 IPMA analysis | 196 |
| 7 Discussion, contributions, and limitations | 201 |
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| 7.1. Discussion and implications of the study results | 201 |
| 7.2. Contribution of this work to the research field and practical implications | 205 |
| 7.3. Limitations and outlook | 208 |
| References | 211 |
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| Appendix | 244 |