: Philipp Scheuermann
: Normative conditions to make WTO law more responsive to the needs of developing countries Normative Bedingungen der stärkeren Ausrichtung des WTO-Rechts auf die Bedürfnisse von Entwicklungsländern
: Herbert Utz Verlag
: 9783831609758
: 1
: CHF 32.80
:
: Politik
: English
: 333
: DRM
: PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
: PDF
With the vast majority of WTO Members being developing countries, their integration is perhaps the most critical issue for the future success of the multilateral trading system. The widespread perception among developing countries that multilateral rules do not effectively respond to their interests was a main driver for the launch of the Doha Development Round in 2001. However, while Members have repeatedly confirmed their commitment to development, progress in the round has been disappointing.

This study devises a reform proposal for special and differential treatment. Following an analysis of the current special and differential treatment provisions, the author shows that addressing differences among developing countries and specifying their needs are critical to any reform. This applies as much to the traditional market access agenda as to the area of WTO rules. Differentiation and graduation are core elements of any reform concept that aims to respond more effectively to the needs of developing countries.
Vorwort6
Contents – Overview8
Table of Contents10
Abbreviations24
Chapter 1: Introduction26
Chapter 2: Trade and development30
A. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH30
I. Development as a multidimensional concept30
II. Classifications of developing countries and the worldwide amount of poverty33
III. Growth in developing economies35
IV. Sectoral development40
B. OPENNESS43
I. Openness as growth driver44
II. The debate on openness and growth48
III. Trade policy for developing countries60
C. TRADE66
D. MARKET69
I. Tariffs70
II. Support programs72
III. Standards73
E. SUMMARY74
Chapter 3: The evolution of special and differential treatment78
A. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT UNDER THE GATT 78
I. The first phase of special and differential treatment: development as a domestic matter78
II. The second phase of special and differential treatment: nonreciprocity between developed and developing countries80
B. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN THE WTO85
I. The third phase of special and differential treatment: reciprocity in the Uruguay Round85
II. The fourth phase of special and differential treatment: the search for a new relationship between developed and developing countries in the Doha Round94
C. CONCLUDING104
Chapter 4: Trade in goods108
A. THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT)108
I. Art. XVIII GATT: flexibility for developing countries108
II. Part IV of the GATT: safeguarding the interests and increasing the trade opportunities of developing countries:119
III. The Enabling Clause: preferential market access for developing countries123
B. THE AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE (AOA)156
I. General rights and obligations157
II. Special and differential treatment159
III. Doha Round161
C. THE AGREEMENT ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES (SPS)163
I. General rights and obligations163
II. Special and differential treatment164
D. THE AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT)169
I. General rights and obligations169
II. Special and differential treatment170
E. THE AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE VII OF THE GATT (AGREEMENT ON CUSTOMS VALUATION, CVA)173
F. THE AGREEMENT ON IMPORT-LICENSING PROCEDURES (ILP) 175
G. THE AGREEMENT ON SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES (SCM)175
I. General rights and obligations176
II. Special and differential treatment177
H. THE AGREEMENT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE VI OF THE GATT (ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT, ADA)180
I. General obligations180
II. Special and differential treatment181
I. THE AGREEMENT ON SAFEGUARDS (SA)182
I. General obligations183
II. Special and differential treatment183
J. THE AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES (TRIMS)184
I. General obligations184
II. Special and differential treatment184
Chapter 5: Trade in services186
A. OBLIGATIONS UNDER GATS186
I. General obligations and disciplines187
II. Specific commitments188
III. The annexes and protocols to the agreement189
B. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT189
Chapter 6: Protection of intellectual property194
A. OBLIGATIONS UNDER TRIPS194
I. General obligations and principles194
II. Specific obligations regarding the availability of IPRs196
B. SPECIAL AND DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT198
Chapter 8: Reforming special and differential treatment208
A. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS208
I. Addressing differences among developing countries208
II. Specifying developing country concerns210
III. Limitations212
IV. Next steps215
B. MARKET ACCESS216
I. Trade in goods216
II. Trade in services225
C. WTO RULES: IMPACT ON DOMESTIC REGULATION228
I. Current reform proposals229
II. Standards liberalization241
III. Protection against imports, promotion of exports, and domestic support246
IV. Contingency measures258
V. Intellectual property264
D. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECTIVE AID FOR TRADE272
Chapter 9: Conclusion276
Chapter 10: Deutsche Zusammenfassung280
A. EINLEITUNG280
B. HANDEL UND ENTWICKLUNG280
C. DIE VORZUGSBEHANDLUNG DER ENTWICKLUNGSLÄNDER IM GATT/WTO-SYSTEM282
D. DIE SONDER- UND VORZUGSBEHANDLUNG DER ENTWICKLUNGSLÄNDER IN EINZELNEN WTO-ABKOMMEN285
I. Warenhandel285
II. Dienstleistungshandel289
III. Handelsbezogene Aspekte der Rechte des geistigen Eigentums290
IV. Streitbeilegung291
E. REFORM DER VORZUGSBEHANDLUNG DER ENTWICKLUNGSLÄNDER291
I. Differenzierung und Graduation291
II. Marktzugang unter WTO-Abkommen293
III. Harmonisierung und nationale Regulierung unter WTOAbkommen295
F. SCHLUSSGEDANKEN303