: Claude André Degueldre
: The Analysis of Nuclear Materials and Their Environments
: Springer-Verlag
: 9783319580067
: 1
: CHF 132.90
:
: Maschinenbau, Fertigungstechnik
: English
: 308
: Wasserzeichen/DRM
: PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
: PDF

This book provides an overview of passive and interactive analytical techniques for nuclear materials. The book aims to update readers on new techniques available and provide an introduction for those who are new to the topic or are looking to move into actinides and nuclear materials science. The characterization of actinide species and radioactive materials is vital for understanding how these elements and radioactive isotopes are formed and behave and how these materials can be improved. The analysis of the actinides or radioactive materials goes beyond spent fuel science to the applicable complete fuel cycle and including analysis of reactor materials.



Claude Degueldre is a Professor of Nuclear Engineering at the Department of Engineering of the Lancaster University, UK. His research deals with the analysis of nuclear materials and their environments. He used to teach a course on the behavior of radionuclides in the environment at the Institute for Environmental Science, University of Geneva, Switzerland. He also worked for 30 years in nuclear sciences at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland, focusing on research in the field of the nuclear fuel cycle.
Foreword5
Preface7
Acknowledgements10
Contents11
Abbreviations14
Materials18
System and Organization18
Units19
Constants19
Parameters19
1 Background: Nuclear Materials and Their Analysis Needs22
1.1 Materials22
1.2 Nuclear Materials26
1.2.1 Generation 0 Reactors Materials27
1.2.2 From Generation I to II Reactor Materials28
1.2.3 Generation III Reactor Materials30
1.2.4 Generation IV Reactor Materials31
1.2.5 Materials from Generation V Reactors and Accelerators33
1.2.6 Military Nuclear Materials34
1.2.7 Nuclear Waste Management37
1.2.8 Contaminated Materials39
1.3 Analysis Needs and Limitations40
1.3.1 Required Analyses and Analysis Requirement40
1.3.2 Analytical Limitations41
1.3.3 Analysis Modes and Combinations43
References44
2 Sampling, Handling, Treatment and Separation46
2.1 Sample Collection and Analysis Mode46
2.1.1 Sample Selection and Collection46
2.1.2 Sampling from Analysis Mode48
2.2 Sub-sampling49
2.2.1 Fluid Samples50
2.2.2 Solid Samples50
2.3 Reference Materials and Calibration53
2.3.1 Reference Materials53
2.3.2 Calibration with Internal or External Standards54
References54
3 Characterization Using Passive or Interactive Techniques56
3.1 Material Characterization by Field-Free Passive Techniques59
3.1.1 Techniques with Phonon Detection59
3.1.2 Techniques with Photon Detection60
3.1.2.1 X-Ray and ?-Ray Counting and Spectroscopy60
3.1.2.2 From Scanning 1D to Mapping 2D64
3.1.2.3 From Scanning 1D to Tomography 3D65
3.1.2.4 From Static Source to Dynamic Source Counting66
3.1.3 Techniques with Lepton Detection68
3.1.3.1 Neutrino Counting and Spectroscopy68
3.1.3.2 From Neutrino Counting to Tomography70
3.1.3.3 Measurement of Redox Potential71
3.1.3.4 Electron Counting and Spectroscopy73
3.1.3.5 ??? 2D Autoradiography76
3.1.3.6 Positron Emission Tomography76
3.1.4 Techniques with Neutron Detection78
3.1.5 Techniques with Atom or Ion Detection79
3.1.5.1 Ion Sensitive Electrodes79
3.1.5.2 ? Counting and Spectroscopy80
3.2 Material Characterization by Field-Free Interactive Techniques83
3.2.1 Techniques with Phonon Interaction and Phonon Detection84
3.2.1.1 Phononic Acoustic Measure and Spectroscopy85
3.2.1.2 Acoustic Microscopy86
3.2.1.3 Seismic Reflection88
3.2.2 Techniques with Photon Interaction and Phonon Detection92
3.2.2.1 Laser Induced Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy92
3.2.2.2 Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)93
3.2.2.3 Performance of the Interactive Photon–Phonon Techniques94
3.2.3 Techniques with Photon Interaction and Photon Detection95
3.2.3.1 Ground Penetrating Radar95
3.2.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy97
3.2.3.3 Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy99
3.2.3.4 Near Infrared—Visible—Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Colorimetry102
3.2.3.5 Single Particle Counting107
3.2.3.6 Photon Correlation Spectroscopy109
3.2.3.7 Raman Spectroscopy110
3.2.3.8 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy113
3.2.3.9 Ultraviolet Fluorescence Spectroscopy115
3.2.3.10 X-Ray Absorption and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy119
3.2.3.11 X-Ray Fluorescence121
3.2.3.12 X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy123
3.2.3.13 X-Ray Diffraction, Small Angle X-Ray Scattering and Laue Diffraction131
3.2.3.14 X-Ray and ?-Ray Tomography138
3.2.3.15 Analysis Using a Free-Electron Laser140
3.2.3.16 Mössbauer Absorption141
3.2.3.17 Photoactivation145
3.2.3.18 Detection Limit for the Interactive Photon-Photon146
3.2.4 Techniques with Photon Interaction and Lepton Detection147
3.2.4.1 Ultraviolet and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy147
3.2.4.2 Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure148
3.2.5 Techniques with Photon Interaction and Ion or Neutron Detection148
3.2.5.1 Photon-Induced Mass Spectroscopy148
3.2.5.2 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry149
3.2.5.3 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectroscopy151
3.2.5.4 Laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA)152
3.2.5.5 Photoactivation153
3.2.6 Techniques with Lepton Interaction and Phonon Detection154
3.2.6.1 Techniques with Electron Interaction and Phonons Detection154
3.2.7 Techniques with Lepton Interaction and Photon Detection155
3.2.7.1 Electron Probe Microanalysis155
3.2.7.2 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy158
3.2.8 Techniques with Lepton Interaction and Lepton Detection162
3.2.8.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy162
3.2.8.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy and Associated Techniques163
3.2.8.3 Techniques with Muon Interaction and Muon Detection169
3.2.9 Techniques with Lepton Interaction and Neutron Detection173
3.2.10 Techniques with Lepton Interaction and Ion Detection173
3.2.10.1 Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy173
3.2.10.2 Spark Source Mass Spectroscopy174
3.2.11 Techniques with Neutron Interaction and Photon Detection174
3.2.11.1 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis174
3.2.11.2 Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis