| Preface | 7 |
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| Acknowledgements | 9 |
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| Contents | 11 |
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| List of Figures | 12 |
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| List of Tables | 15 |
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| 1 Introduction | 17 |
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| 2 Knowledge Creation and Innovation Systems in China | 22 |
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| Modelling Innovative Systems | 24 |
| China’s Innovation Systems | 29 |
| Centres of Innovation | 34 |
| Elements of Centres of Innovation | 38 |
| Telecommunications Infrastructure Pre-1978 | 38 |
| Telecommunications Infrastructure Post-1978 | 40 |
| 3G and 4G Mobile Networks | 43 |
| Internet Development | 47 |
| The Internet in China | 48 |
| Research Institutes and Corporate R | 48 |
| 52 | 48 |
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| Invention in Geographical Space | 57 |
| Patents | 57 |
| Scientific Papers | 62 |
| References | 68 |
| 3 Knowledge Creation and Knowledge Spillovers: China’s Aggregate Economy | 74 |
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| Innovation Systems | 75 |
| Innovation Systems in China | 75 |
| The Competence Block | 80 |
| Components of a Competence Block Education | 82 |
| The Mao Zedong Period: 1949–1976 | 82 |
| The Deng Xiaoping Period: 1977–1997 | 83 |
| The Jiang Zemin Period: 1997–2002 | 87 |
| The Hu Jintao Period: 2002–2012 | 88 |
| Xi Jinping Period: 2012–2020 | 91 |
| Impacts of Educational Reforms | 93 |
| Centres of Research and Research Commercialisation | 96 |
| Functions of Universities | 96 |
| Science | 96 |
| 99 | 96 |
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| Science | 96 |
| 101 | 96 |
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| High-Tech Zones | 104 |
| Incubators | 106 |
| SMEs | 108 |
| Returning Students | 111 |
| Innovation Systems in India | 112 |
| New Economic Geography Revisited | 117 |
| References | 123 |
| 4 Entrepreneurship in China and India | 128 |
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| Measuring Entrepreneurship | 130 |
| Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies | 131 |
| Entrepreneurship in China | 133 |
| Changes in Firm Ownership in China | 139 |
| Indian Entrepreneurship and Innovation | 150 |
| References | 165 |
| 5 Comparative Study: Jiangsu, Hubei and Gansu: 1949–2014 | 172 |
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| Cross-Provincial Analysis | 173 |
| S | 173 |
| 196 | 173 |
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| Institutions by Region | 197 |
| Technical Research Topic—Natural Sciences | 198 |
| Major Indicators of LME by Region | 198 |
| Case Study Structure | 202 |
| Jiangsu | 204 |
| Infrastructure | 206 |
| Manufacturing Industry | 209 |
| S | 209 |
| 211 | 209 |
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| Education | 215 |
| Hubei | 218 |
| Infrastructure | 218 |
| Manufacturing Industry | 221 |
| S | 221 |
| 222 | 221 |
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| Education | 225 |
| Gansu | 227 |
| Infrastructure | 229 |
| Manufacturing Industry | 232 |
| S | 232 |
| 233 | 232 |
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| Education | 234 |
| Innovation in China: The Future | 238 |
| References | 243 |
| 6 Tales of Two Types of Regional Integration—The UK, the EU and China | 244 |
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| Introduction | 244 |
| Trade Diversion, Resource Diversion and Over Competition—Market Failure | 246 |
| Theories of Regional Integration | 248 |
| The United Kindom and Regional Integration | 253 |
| The People’s Republic of China and Regional Integration | 261 |
| Conclusion | 262 |
| References | 264 |
| 7 Conclusion | 267 |
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| ‘How Have infrastructure, knowledge creation and knowledge spillovers contributed to the economic growth of China?’ | 268 |
| ‘From a political historical perspective, how have the post-1978 economic reforms contributed to building soft and hard infrastructure in China?’ | 270 |
| ‘In China’s case, why has manufacturing concentrated in the coastal regions leaving the periphery to play a minor role in national economic growth?’ | 273 |
| How can India learn from China’s experience? | 274 |
| Index | 277 |