| Contents | 6 |
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| 1 Review of the Development of Dedicated Mobile Communications for High-Speed Railway | 11 |
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| 1.1 Railway Development in China | 11 |
| 1.2 High-Speed Railway Development in the World | 13 |
| 1.2.1 High-Speed Railway Development in China | 15 |
| 1.3 The Active Role of Mobile Communications for Railway | 18 |
| 1.4 GSM for Railway | 19 |
| 1.4.1 The Development of GSM-R | 20 |
| 1.4.1.1 The Standard Formulation Stage | 20 |
| 1.4.1.2 The Experimental Verification Stage | 20 |
| 1.4.1.3 The Project Implementation Stage | 21 |
| 1.4.2 GSM-R Key Technology and Engineering Measures | 21 |
| 1.4.2.1 GSM-R Wireless Network | 21 |
| The Main Differences Between GSM-R and GSM Wireless Networks | 21 |
| GSM-R Wireless Network Reliability | 22 |
| 1.4.2.2 GSM-R Core Network | 22 |
| Equipment Protection Technology | 22 |
| Network Protection Technology | 22 |
| 1.4.2.3 GSM-R Matching Equipment Technology | 23 |
| 1.4.2.4 GSM-R Project Implementation | 23 |
| 1.4.2.5 GSM-R Business and Implementation | 23 |
| 1.5 Next-Generation Mobile Communication System for Railway | 24 |
| References | 27 |
| 2 Key Issues for GSM-R and LTE-R | 28 |
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| 2.1 GSM-R Architecture | 28 |
| 2.1.1 GSM-R Network Composition | 28 |
| 2.1.2 Mobile Switching Subsystem | 28 |
| 2.1.3 Mobile Intelligent Network Subsystem | 30 |
| 2.1.4 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Subsystem | 31 |
| 2.1.5 Base Station Subsystem | 32 |
| 2.1.6 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) | 33 |
| 2.1.7 Terminal | 34 |
| 2.2 GSM-R Network Hierarchical Structure | 34 |
| 2.2.1 Mobile Switching Network | 34 |
| 2.2.2 Intelligent Network | 35 |
| 2.2.3 General Packet Radio Service Network | 35 |
| 2.3 LTE-R Architecture | 36 |
| 2.4 Key Technologies for GSM-R | 46 |
| 2.5 Key Technologeis for LTE-R | 51 |
| 2.5.1 The Application Requirements of the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System | 53 |
| 2.5.2 The Technology System and Network Architecture of the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System | 54 |
| 2.5.3 Frequency and Bandwidth Requirements of the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System | 55 |
| 2.5.4 The Key Technology in the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System | 55 |
| 2.5.5 Hybrid Networking of GSM-R and the Next-Generation Mobile Communication System | 59 |
| 2.5.6 The Evaluation and Optimization of High-Speed Railway Wireless Resource Management Mechanism | 60 |
| 2.6 Summary | 62 |
| References | 62 |
| 3 Radio Propagation and Wireless Channel for Railway Communications | 65 |
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| 3.1 High-Speed Railway Propagation Scenarios | 65 |
| 3.1.1 High-Speed Railway Propagation Scenarios Definition | 65 |
| 3.1.2 Propagation Scenarios of Wide-Sense Vehicle-to-X Communications | 68 |
| 3.1.2.1 Deterministic Channel Model for WSV2X Channels | 73 |
| 3.1.2.2 Stochastic Channel Models | 74 |
| 3.1.2.3 Geometry-Based Stochastic Models | 74 |
| 3.1.2.4 Summary and Selecting a Suitable Modeling Approach | 74 |
| 3.2 High-Speed Railway Channel Measurements | 76 |
| 3.2.1 Measurement Methods and System | 76 |
| 3.2.2 Measurement Campaign | 79 |
| 3.2.2.1 Channel-Sounder-Based Measurements | 79 |
| 3.2.2.2 Railway-Network-Based Measurements | 80 |
| 3.3 Narrowband Channel Characterization of High-Speed Railways | 83 |
| 3.3.1 Path Loss | 83 |
| 3.3.1.1 Path Loss Model | 83 |
| 3.3.1.2 Validation | 84 |
| 3.3.2 Shadow Fading | 86 |
| 3.3.2.1 Standard Deviation | 86 |
| 3.3.2.2 Autocorrelation Characteristics | 86 |
| 3.3.2.3 Cross-Correlation Characteristics | 88 |
| 3.3.2.4 Discussions | 89 |
| 3.3.2.5 Model | 90 |
| 3.3.2.6 Model Implementation | 92 |
| 3.3.2.7 Model Validation | 93 |
| 3.3.3 Small-Scale Fading | 94 |
| 3.3.3.1 Fade Depth | 95 |
| 3.3.3.2 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration | 98 |
| 3.3.3.3 Amplitude Distribution of Small-Scale Fading | 100 |
| 3.3.3.4 Envelope Autocovariance of Small-Scale Fading | 104 |
| 3.3.3.5 Ricean K-Factor | 105 |
| 3.4 Wideband Channel Characterization of High-Speed Railways | 108 |
| 3.4.1 Delay Characteristics | 108 |
| 3.4.1.1 Delay Parameter Definitions | 108 |
| 3.4.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth | 109 |
| 3.4.1.3 Current Investigations on Delay Characteristics | 110 |
| 3.4.1.4 Future Research Directions | 112 |
| 3.4.2 Doppler Effect | 112 |
| 3.4.2.1 The Time-Varying Two-Path Channel Model | 113 |
| 3.4.2.2 Frequency Dispersion | 115 |
| 3.4.2.3 Stochastic Characteristic of Doppler Effect | 116 |
| 3.4.3 Angular Characteristics | 117 |
| 3.4.3.1 Angular Parameter Definitions and Estimations | 117 |
| 3.4.3.2 Current Investigations on Angular Characteristics | 120 |
| 3.4.3.3 Future Research Directions | 122 |
| 3.5 Summary | 124 |
| References | 124 |
| 4 Cooperation and Cognition for Railway Communica
|