| Preface | 6 |
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| Contents | 9 |
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| 1 Introduction | 11 |
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| 2 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Logic | 13 |
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| 2.1 Definition of Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Sets | 13 |
| 2.2 ?-Planes Representation | 14 |
| 2.3 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Systems Based on ?-Planes | 15 |
| 2.3.1 Fuzzifier Process | 15 |
| 2.3.2 Fuzzy Rules | 16 |
| 2.3.3 Inference Engine | 17 |
| 2.3.4 Type Reducer | 18 |
| 2.3.5 Defuzzification Process | 19 |
| 3 Edge Detection Methods and Filters Used on Digital Image Processing | 20 |
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| 3.1 Edge Detection Methods | 20 |
| 3.1.1 Morphological Gradient Approach | 20 |
| 3.1.2 Sobel Operator | 22 |
| 3.1.3 Sobel Operator Applied on Color Images | 23 |
| 3.2 Filters | 24 |
| 3.2.1 Low-Pass Filters | 24 |
| 3.2.2 High-Pass Filters | 25 |
| 4 Metrics for Edge Detection Methods | 26 |
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| 4.1 Figure of Merit of Pratt (FOM) | 26 |
| 4.2 Quality Measurement Using the MSE, PSNR and SSIM Indices | 27 |
| 5 Edge Detection Methods Based on Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Systems | 29 |
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| 5.1 Edge Detection Method Based on GT2 FSs and the Morphological Gradient | 29 |
| 5.2 Edge Detection Method Based on GT2 FSs and the Sobel Operator | 32 |
| 5.3 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Edge Detection Method Applied on Color Images | 33 |
| 5.4 Edge Detection Method Using GT2 Fuzzy Images | 36 |
| 5.4.1 Fuzzy Synthetic Images | 36 |
| 5.4.1.1 Fuzzy Images Using Type-1 Membership Functions | 38 |
| 5.4.1.2 Fuzzy Images Using Interval Type-2 Membership Functions | 39 |
| 5.4.1.3 Fuzzy Images Using Generalized Type-2 Membership Functions | 39 |
| 5.4.2 The Fuzzy Euclidean Distance | 40 |
| 5.4.3 Edge Detection Method Applied on Fuzzy Images | 42 |
| 6 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Edge Detection Applied on a Face Recognition System | 44 |
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| 6.1 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Edge Detection Method Using the Sobel Operator and Filters | 44 |
| 6.2 Face Recognition System Based on a Monolithic Neural Network | 46 |
| 7 Experimentation and Results Discussion | 49 |
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| 7.1 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Systems Combined with the Morphological Gradient | 51 |
| 7.2 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Systems Combined with the Sobel Operator | 55 |
| 7.3 Generalized Type-2 Fuzzy Edge Detection Method Using Color Images | 62 |
| 7.3.1 Simulation Results Using Synthetic Color Images | 63 |
| 7.3.2 Simulation Results Using Real Color Images | 68 |
| 7.4 Edge Detection Method Applied on GT2 Fuzzy Images | 75 |
| 7.5 Simulation Results Achieved by the Face Recognition System | 77 |
| 8 Conclusions | 82 |
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| Appendix A: A.1 Function to Calculate Morphological Gradient Edge Detection | 84 |
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| A.2. Function to Define the FIS for the MG + GT2 FSs | 85 |
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| A.3. Function to Obtain the Sobel Operator | 87 |
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| A.4. Function to Define the FIS for the Sobel + GT2 FSs | 87 |
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| A.5. Function to Obtain Edge Detection Method on GT2 Fuzzy Images | 89 |
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| References | 90 |
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| Index | 94 |