| Foreword | 6 |
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| Preface | 9 |
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| Acknowledgements | 10 |
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| Contents | 17 |
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| About the Authors | 21 |
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| 1: Introduction | 24 |
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| Scope | 24 |
| New Space Industries and Space Mining Ventures | 25 |
| What Natural Resources Are Found in Space and Where Are They? | 26 |
| The Technology | 28 |
| New Space and the Key Space Actors | 28 |
| The Legal and Regulatory Context: Today and Tomorrow | 29 |
| The Longer Term Perspective | 30 |
| Structure and Purpose of This Book | 31 |
| 2: The Importance of Natural Resources from Space and Key Challenges | 33 |
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| Gauging the Future | 35 |
| Coping with the Scale and Complexity Problem | 37 |
| Coping with Legal, Regulatory and Standards Problems | 41 |
| Conclusions | 43 |
| 3: Transportation Systems and Targeting Locations for Space Mining | 44 |
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| New and Improved Transportation Technologies to Support Space Mining | 48 |
| Chemical Fueled Launchers | 48 |
| Ion Propulsion | 49 |
| Nuclear Fueled Propulsion | 50 |
| Mass-Driver Systems on the Moon | 52 |
| Space Elevator Systems | 52 |
| Conclusions | 53 |
| 4: Power and Robotic Systems for Space Mining Operations | 54 |
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| Power Systems | 55 |
| Photovoltaic and Battery Systems | 55 |
| Space-Based Thermocouple Energy Systems | 55 |
| Nuclear or Radioactive Isotope Power System | 56 |
| Thermoionic Power Source | 57 |
| Explosives as a Substitute for Mining-Related Energy Needs | 58 |
| Space Robotic Mining Systems | 58 |
| Innovative New Space Mining Concepts | 59 |
| Conclusions | 61 |
| 5: U. S. Space Exploration and Planetary Resources | 62 |
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| Space Telescope Missions | 62 |
| The Apollo Lunar Exploration Program | 63 |
| The Mariners, MESSENGER, the Voyagers, Galileo, the Pioneers, Juno, Huygens-Cassini, Magellan and New Horizons | 63 |
| Lunar Missions | 66 |
| Mars Missions | 68 |
| NASA Asteroid Mission | 71 |
| Assessing the Broad Impact of U. S. Space Missions Over the Past Half Century | 72 |
| Space Telescope Findings | 72 |
| Useful Information about the Moon | 73 |
| Findings Related to Planetary Bodies | 74 |
| Mars Exploratory Programs | 75 |
| Missions to Comets and Asteroids | 77 |
| The Future of Space Exploration Technology Related to Space Mining | 78 |
| Conclusions | 78 |
| 6: Private Sector Space Mining Initiatives and Policies in the United States | 80 |
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| The Rapid Growth of New Space Activities in the United States | 81 |
| Planetary Resources | 85 |
| Deep Space Industries | 86 |
| Golden Spike Company | 87 |
| Shackleton Energy Company | 89 |
| Moon Express | 90 |
| The B612 Foundation | 90 |
| Policies Concerning Space Mining, Resource Extraction and Space Colonies | 91 |
| Conclusions | 92 |
| 7: Space Enterprises in Russia and the Former Soviet Union | 93 |
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| Conclusions | 103 |
| 8: Activities in Europe, Canada and Other Western Countries | 105 |
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| Herschel Space Observatory | 105 |
| Mars Express | 106 |
| Venus Express | 108 |
| Mercury Mission | 108 |
| Jupiter Exploratory Mission | 108 |
| European Mission to the Moon | 109 |
| ESA’s Deep Space Missions: Giotto, Rosetta, and PLATO | 110 |
| Summary of European Initiatives | 112 |
| Canada and Other National Initiatives | 112 |
| Conclusions | 117 |
| 9: Asian Space Programs: Japan, China and India | 118 |
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| Japanese Space Exploration and Scientific Missions | 119 |
| China’s Planetary Research and Exploration Programs | 124 |
| The Indian Space Program | 126 |
| Conclusions | 129 |
| 10: The International Legal Framework | 132 |
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| The 1967 Outer Space Treaty | 135 |
| The Common Interest Principle and Freedom of Exploration and Use of Outer Space | 135 |
| Prohibition of Appropriation of Outer Space and Celestial Bodies | 139 |
| Prohibition of Appropriation of Space Natural Resources | 142 |
| The 1979 Moon Agreement | 146 |
| Conclusion | 148 |
| 11: National Space Laws and the Exploitation of Natural Resources from Space | 150 |
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| The United States | 153 |
| The United Kingdom | 157 |
| The Russian Federation | 159 |
| Australia | 160 |
| Canada | 161 |
| India | 162 |
| New Legislative Initiatives in Luxembourg and the United Arab Emirates | 162 |
| Conclusions | 162 |
| 12: Conclusions and the Way Forward | 164 |
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| Appendix: Excerpts of Key International Space Treaties and Relevant U. S. Law | 171 |
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| Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (1967) | 171 |
| Article I | 172 |
| Article II | 172 |
| Article III | 172 |
| Article IV | 172 |
| Article V | 172 |
| Article VI | 173 |
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