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Nuclear Batteries and Radioisotopes

:	Mark Prelas, Matthew Boraas, Fernando De La Torre Aguilar, John-David Seelig, Modeste Tchakoua Tchou
:	Nuclear Batteries and Radioisotopes
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783319417240
:	1
:	CHF 132.90
:

:	Wärme-, Energie- und Kraftwerktechnik
:	English

:	363
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book explains the physics of nuclear battery operation. It provides a comprehensive background that allows readers to understand all past and future developments in the field. The supply and cost of radioisotopes for use in applications (focused on nuclear batteries) are covered in the initial sections of the text. The interaction of ionizing radiation with matter is discussed as applied to nuclear batteries. The physics of interfacing the radioisotopes to the transducers which represent the energy conversion mechanism for nuclear batteries are described for possible nuclear battery configurations. Last but not least the efficiencies of nuclear battery configurations are discussed combined with a review of the literature on nuclear battery research.

	Preface	8
	Contents	11
	1 Introduction to Nuclear Batteries and Radioisotopes	15
	Abstract	15
	1.1 Fundamental Concepts	17
	1.2 Nuclear Battery Design Considerations	23
	1.2.1 Surface Interface	28
	1.2.2 Volume Interface	30
	1.3 Products from Ionizing Radiation: Heat and Ion Pairs	31
	1.4 Geometrical Considerations in the Interface of an Isotropic Radiation Source to a Transducer	42
	1.5 Methodology for Analysis	47
	1.6 Summary	48
	References	49
	2 Radioisotopes	52
	Abstract	52
	2.1 Existing Radioisotope Supplies	52
	2.1.1 Primordial Radioisotopes	53
	2.1.2 Cosmogenic Radioisotopes	54
	2.1.3 Manmade Radioisotopes	58
	2.2 Radioisotope Production	62
	2.2.1 Separation from Spent Fuel	63
	2.2.1.1 Bismuth Phosphate Process	63
	2.2.1.2 REDOX Process	66
	2.2.1.3 PUREX Process	67
	2.2.1.4 Other Processes	68
	2.2.2 Separation from Natural Decay Chains	70
	2.2.3 Production by Neutron Capture in a Reactor	76
	2.2.4 Production by Accelerator	77
	2.3 Cost of Radioisotopes	80
	2.3.1 Cost of Separation	80
	2.3.1.1 Cost Analysis	81
	2.3.1.2 Dissolution, Mixing and Drying Equipment	81
	2.3.1.3 Sunk Costs Considerations	82
	2.3.2 Cost of Neutron Capture	82
	2.3.3 Cost of Accelerator	86
	2.4 Other Factors Influencing Cost	87
	2.4.1 Safety	87
	2.4.2 Software	87
	2.4.3 Liquidity of Capital (Cash)	88
	2.5 Isotopes Produced from the Manhattan Project	88
	2.6 Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility (MOX FFF)	88
	2.7 Summary	89
	References	90
	3 Interactions of Ionizing Radiation with Matter and Direct Energy Conversion	93
	Abstract	93
	3.1 Ionizing Radiation Types and Ranges	93
	3.1.1 Fission Fragments	93
	3.1.2 Alpha Particles	99
	3.1.3 Beta Particles and Positrons	102
	3.1.4 Shielding Considerations	104
	3.1.5 Rules of Thumb and Their Limitations	107
	3.1.6 The Limitations of Average Beta Energy	109
	3.1.7 What Types of Radiation Work Best with Nuclear Batteries and Why	114
	3.2 Types of Transducers Used in Nuclear Batteries	114
	3.2.1 Ion Pair Based	115
	3.2.1.1 Efficiency of a Beta or Alpha Voltaic Cell Based on a Classic P-N Junction	117
	Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) and the Driving Potential Efficiency	120
	Depletion Zone Width and Current	123
	3.2.2 Schottky Barriers	125
	3.2.2.1 Liquid Semiconductor Schottky Barrier	127
	3.2.3 Direct Charge Collection	128
	3.2.3.1 The Ideal Match Between the Electric Field and the Ionizing Radiation	128
	DCNB Design and Inefficiencies	129
	Mismatch of the Electric Field with the Energy Distribution of the Particles	132
	Effects of Angular Distribution	133
	3.2.3.2 Reciprocating Cantilever	136
	3.2.4 Indirect	137
	3.2.4.1 Gaseous Fluorescers	138
	PIDEC and RECS	138
	Spectral Considerations for Excimer Emitters	139
	Effect of Impurities on Excimer Efficiency	144
	PIDEC	146
	Nuclear-Driven Fluorescers	149
	The Ion Source	150
	Excimer Fluorescers	150
	The Photon Energy Converter	152
	Photovoltaic Conversion of Narrowband Fluorescence	152
	Wide Band-Gap Photovoltaic Materials	156
	Gas	159
	Solid Sources that Can Mimic Gas	159
	Solid-State	159
	3.2.5 Solid-State Emitter and PV	161
	3.2.5.1 Phosphors	162
	3.2.6 Hybrid Solid-State Emitter	167
	3.2.7 Heat Based	168
	3.2.7.1 Seebeck Effect and RTG	168
	3.2.7.2 Thermoionics	171
	3.2.7.3 Thermophotovoltaics	180
	3.3 Summary	183
	References	184
	4 Power Density Dilution Due to the Interface of the Isotope with the Transducer	188
	Abstract	188
	4.1 Introduction	189
	4.2 Phase of the Radioisotope	191
	4.2.1 Radioisotope in Solid Phase	191
	4.2.2 Radioisotope in Liquid Phase	193
	4.2.3 Radioisotope in Gaseous Phase	194
	4.2.4 Gaseous-like Radioisotopes	198
	4.3 Phase of the Transducer	200
	4.3.1 Solid Phase Transducer	200
	4.3.2 Liquid Phase Transducer	200
	4.3.3 Gas Phase Transducer	203
	4.3.4 Plasma Phase Transducer	203
	4.4 Surface Interface	203
	4.4.1 Methods of Forming Surface Sources	204