| Cover | 1 |
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| Preface | 6 |
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| Table of Contents | 10 |
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| List of Abbreviations | 16 |
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| A Note on Translations | 19 |
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| Introduction | 20 |
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| Chapter 1: Story, Text, and Technique: Reading Scripture in Paul | 24 |
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| 1.1. Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture: Story | 24 |
| 1.1.1. Getting Behind the Text | 25 |
| 1.1.2. Locating a Pre-Epistolary Story | 27 |
| 1.1.3. Legitimating a Hypothesis | 39 |
| 1.1.4. Circumventing the Audience | 41 |
| 1.2. Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture: Texts | 44 |
| 1.2.1. Textual Diversity in Second Temple Judaism | 45 |
| 1.2.2. Determining Paul’s Quotations | 47 |
| 1.2.3. Excursus: Paul and the Hebrew Scriptures | 51 |
| 1.3. Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture: Technique | 52 |
| 1.3.1. Torah and the Prophets | 53 |
| 1.3.2. Analogy: Gezera Shawa and Heqesh | 55 |
| 1.3.3. Atomizing Exegesis | 59 |
| 1.4. Conclusions | 60 |
| Chapter 2: The Abrahamic Mythomoteur in Early Judaism and in the Letters of Paul | 62 |
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| 2.1. Abrahamic Identity in Postexilic Texts | 62 |
| 2.2. The Reconfiguration of Abrahamic Identity in the Letters of Paul | 69 |
| 2.2.1. Abraham, Isaac, and Israel in Galatians | 69 |
| 2.2.1.1. Abraham and the Gentiles in Galatia | 71 |
| 2.2.1.2. Locating Gentiles in Genesis | 72 |
| 2.2.1.3. Participation in Abraham’s Single Seed | 73 |
| 2.2.1.4. Overcoming Circumcision with the Prophets | 75 |
| 2.2.1.5. Paul, Judaism, and the “Israel of God” | 79 |
| 2.2.1.6. Summary | 81 |
| 2.2.2. Former Gentiles with Circumcised Hearts | 83 |
| 2.2.2.1. Former Gentiles in 1 Corinthians | 84 |
| 2.2.2.2. Circumcised Hearts in Philippians and Romans | 92 |
| 2.2.2.3. Summary | 94 |
| 2.2.3. Romans 4 and the Two Branches of Abraham’s Family Tree | 94 |
| 2.2.3.1. Justification, Circumcision, and Abraham’s Children in Romans 4:9–12 | 96 |
| 2.2.3.2. Torah, Inheritance, and Abraham’s Children in Romans 4:13–17 | 98 |
| 2.3. Conclusions | 101 |
| Chapter 3: Ethnic Difference and Epistolary Exigency: Rethinking the Reason for Romans | 103 |
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| 3.1. The Composition of Roman Christianity | 104 |
| 3.2. The Prehistory of Romans and the Accused Apostle | 114 |
| 3.3. Apologetic Traces in Romans | 119 |
| 3.4. Gentile Addressees and Jewish Auditors | 123 |
| 3.5. Conclusions: Mercenary Motives or Exegetical Breakthrough? | 130 |
| Chapter 4: Discriminatory Election and Logical Reversals in Romans 9:6–13 | 132 |
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| 4.1. Covenantal Fidelity or Cosmic Farce? Romans 9:6a in Context | 133 |
| 4.2. Israel and Not Israel: Romans 9:6b in Context | 137 |
| 4.3. Structure and Argument in Romans 9:7–13 | 141 |
| 4.4. Flesh Does Not Mean Seed: Romans 9:7–9 | 144 |
| 4.4.1. Scriptural Quotation in Romans 9:7–9 | 144 |
| 4.4.2. Sp..µa and S... in Romans 9:7–9 | 147 |
| 4.4.3. Ishmael’s Exclusion: Circumcision and Covenant in Romans 9:7–9 | 149 |
| 4.4.4. Ishmael’s Exclusion: Circumcision and Covenant Behind Romans 9:7–9 | 151 |
| 4.5. Obedience Does Not Mean Election: Romans 9:10–13 | 155 |
| 4.5.1. Scriptural Quotation in Romans 9:10–13 | 155 |
| 4.5.2. Works and Torah in Romans 9:10–13 | 158 |
| 4.5.3. Patriarchs, Prophets, and the “Dynamics of Diselection” in Romans 9:10–13 | 161 |
| 4.5.3.1. Election and Its Opposite in Romans 9:10–13 | 161 |
| 4.5.3.2. Divine Love and Divine Hate in Romans 9:13 | 164 |
| 4.6. Conclusions | 167 |
| Chapter 5: Establishing and Intertextual Matrix: Moses and the Prophets in Romans 9 | 170 |
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| 5.1. Lexical Connections Discovered by Paul | 170 |
| 5.1.1. “You Will Be Called” | 171 |
| 5.1.2. “Seed” | 172 |
| 5.1.3. “As Numerous as the Sands of the Sea” | 172 |
| 5.1.4. Inheriting the Land | 173 |
| 5.1.5. The Remnant | 174 |
| 5.1.6. Sodom and Gomorrah | 176 |
| 5.1.7. Edom’s Inheritance | 177 |
| 5.1.8. Summary | 178 |
| 5.2. Lexical Connections Forged by Paul | 178 |
| 5.2.1. Hosea 2:25 (Eng.: 2:23) in Romans 9:25 | 180 |
| 5.2.2. Isaiah 10:22–23 in Romans 9:27–28 | 184 |
| 5.3. Thematic Connections: Election, Exclusion, and Reversals in the Scriptures of Israel | 189 |
| 5.3.1. The Irony of Election: Favored Sons in Genesis | 189 |
| 5.3.2. Exiled and Restored Children: Narrative Patterns in Hosea | 192 |
| 5.3.3. Pruning the Vine: Restricting Election in Isaiah | 193 |
| 5.3.3.1. The Returning Remnant in Isaiah 10:20–23 | 193 |
| 5.3.3.2. The Survivors of Israel in Isaiah 1:9 | 199 |
| 5.3.4. Summary | 201 |
| 5.4. Conclusions | 202 |
| Chapter 6: Hosea’s Excluded Children: The Inversion of Election in Romans
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