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Managing Risk and Securing Livelihood The Karrayu Pastoralists, their Environment and the Ethiopian State

:	Girum G. Alemu
:	Managing Risk and Securing Livelihood The Karrayu Pastoralists, their Environment and the Ethiopian State
:	Franz Steiner Verlag
:	9783515114059
:	Erdkundliches Wissen
:	1
:	CHF 41.80
:

:	Geografie
:	English

:	187
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

The hegemonic perspective on adaptation solely focuses on climate stimuli as the driving force behind people's adaptation. Such a perspective underestimates the role played by historical trajectories of political and social forces of change in shaping current adaptation practices. In doing so, it also separates the environment from processes of social change. This work challenges this dominant view by arguing that adaptation practices pursued by pastoral communities need to be seen at the intersection of state-environment-pastoralist -interactions. In other words, the understanding of pastoralists' risk management and livelihood practices requires a perspective that situates local actors into their broader socio-political and environmental contexts. By using a political ecology approach that emphasizes on the agency of pastoral actors, this work demonstrates how the Karrayyu pastoral groups of upper Awash valley develop and use various risk management and livelihood practices under the influence of both socio-political and ecological sources of change.

Girum G. Alemu currently works as research associate at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam. He is interested in three broader but interrelated research topics: Political ecology, environment and development policy and livelihood security. His research interest mainly focuses on the interaction between broader scale political economy and local human-environment interactions and the implications of these interactions on livelihoods security.

	TABLE OF CONTENTS	6
	LIST OF FIGURES	10
	LIST OF TABLES	11
	LIST OF PHOTOS	12
	LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS	13
	GLOSSARY	15
	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	18
	ABSTRACT	20
	ZUSAMMENFASSUNG	22
	1. INTRODUCTION	24
	1.1 THE PROBLEMATICS OF THE HEGEMONIC ADAPTATION PERSPECTIVE	24
	1.2 APOLITICAL ADAPTATION AND PASTORALISTS’ DEVELOPMENT	26
	1.3 APPROACHING THE ‘LOCAL CONTEXTS’ FROM A POLITICAL ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE	29
	1.4 POINT OF DEPARTURE: RISK, RESOURCES AND RELATIONAL MODES	31
	1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK	34
	2. ADAPTATION, VULNERABILITY AND LOCAL AGENCY: THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL REFLECTIONS	36
	2.1 INTRODUCTION	36
	2.2 PUTTING THE CONCEPT OF ADAPTATION IN PERSPECTIVE	36
	2.3 THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH TO ADAPTATION	37
	2.4 THE INADEQUACY OF THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH	39
	2.5 THE CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY IN ADAPTATION RESEARCH	40
	2.6 POLITICAL ECOLOGY AND THE VULNERABILITY PARADIGM	46
	2.7 LOCATING ACTORS IN POLITICAL ECOLOGY	48
	2.8 SUMMARY	51
	3. RESEARCHING WITH THE LOCALS: METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS	52
	3.1 INTRODUCTION	52
	3.2 UPPER AWASH VALLEY, FENTALLE WOREDA: DESCRIPTIONS	53
	3.3 METHODOLOGICAL STANCES: QUALITATIVE APPROACH IN GEOGRAPHY	57
	3.4 THE RESEARCH PROCESS: PRELIMINARY VISITS AND INITIAL ACQUAINTANCE	59
	3.5 MIXING VARIOUS INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES	64
	3.6 FIELD NOTES AND PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION	67
	3.7 DOCUMENT ANALYSIS AND SECONDARY INFORMATION	68
	3.8 ANALYSIS AND WRITE UP	68
	3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS	69
	4. LIVELIHOOD INSECURITY IN CONTEXT: HISTORICAL TRAJECTORIES	71
	4.1 INTRODUCTION	71
	4.2 STATE-PASTORALISTS RELATIONS: ‘DEVELOPMENT’ AND THE PERILS OF PLANNING	72
	4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD RISK	80
	4.4 THE POST-1991 STATE IN PASTORAL SPACES: A LIABILITY OR AN ASSET?	88
	4.5 IN-MIGRATION AND INCREASED POPULATION PRESSURE	95
	4.6 SUMMARY: MULTIPLE SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD INSECURITY	98
	5. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATION AND LIVESTOCKBASED LIVELIHOOD PRACTICES	101
	5.1 INTRODUCTION	101
	5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION	101
	5.3 PASTORALISTS’ AGENCY AND RESPONSE TO CHANGE	110
	5.4 CONTEXTS INFLUENCING PASTORAL MOBILITY DECISIONS	115
	5.5 REORGANIZATION: CAMEL-BASED LIVELIHOOD PRACTICES	118
	5.6 SURVIVING ON CAMELS: RISK MANAGEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD PRACTICES	119
	5.7 SUMMARY	128
	6. LIVING THE TRANSFORMATION: THE MOVE TOWARDS AGRO-PASTORALISM	129
	6.1 INTRODUCTION	129
	6.2 CULTIVATION AS RISK MANAGEMENT AND LIVELIHOOD PRACTICE	129
	6.3 SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS INFLUENCING DECISIONS TO CULTIVATE	131
	6.4 BRINGING NEW PRINCIPLES IN: FENCING COMMUNAL PASTURE	142
	6.5 EMERGENCE OF NEW ARRANGEMENTS	143
	6.6 SOME CONSTRAINTS TO CULTIVATION AS A CONTEMPORARY STRATEGY	151
	6.7 NON-PASTORAL AND NON-AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES	153
	6.8 SUMMARY	157
	7. CONTEXTUALIZED ADAPTATION: HEGEMONIC PERSPECTIVES AND LOCAL RESPONSES	159
	7.1 INTRODUCTION	159
	7.2 THE POLITICS OF ADAPTATION: TOP-DOWN APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT	160
	7.3 SITUATED AND LOCAL-LEVEL ADAPTATION PRACTICES	162
	7.4 SUMMARY	168
	8. CONCLUSIONS	169
	8.1 STARTING-POINT VULNERABILITY: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF LOCAL ADAPTATION	169
	8.2 LOCATING AGENCY IN POLITICAL ECOLOGY	171
	8.3 LOCALIZING THE INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE	173
	8.4 BACK TO THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS	174
	8.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH	176
	9. LIST OF REFERENCES	180