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Analytical Methods for Nonproliferation

:	Edward C. Morse
:	Analytical Methods for Nonproliferation
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783319297316
:	Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
:	1
:	CHF 123.40
:

:	Allgemeines, Lexika
:	English

:	254
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book is intended to be used as a textbook and research reference for the field of nuclear nonproliferation. The book is primarily technical and focussed on methods of detecting clandestine nuclear material that might be illicitly transported. The book also touches on nuclear forensics, i.e. methods for identification, attribution, and establishment of transport pathways for illicit nuclear material. Also covered are topics of methods used for arms control and treaty verification, and an assessment of technologies under development for all of the above. A description of the government and international agencies involved in nuclear terrorism prevention, nuclear safeguards, and arms control is also included.

	Preface	7
	Contents	9
	Acronyms	14
	Introduction	16
	1 Nuclear Proliferation	16
	2 The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism	19
	3 Interdiction of Nuclear Material	20
	References	21
	Nuclear Explosives	23
	1 History	23
	1.1 The Dawn of the Atomic Age	23
	1.2 The Cold War and the Arms Race	26
	1.3 The Fall of the Soviet Union	27
	2 Device Physics	28
	2.1 Critical Mass	28
	2.2 Heat Generation. Neutron Background and Predetonation	31
	3 Special Nuclear Material	33
	References	34
	Signatures and Background	36
	1 Simplified Transport Calculations	36
	1.1 Gamma Radiation Field from a Point Source	37
	1.2 Self-Shielded Disk	38
	1.3 Intermediate Optical Thickness	41
	1.4 Infinite Half-Space Source	42
	2 The Radiation Background	43
	2.1 The Primordial Isotopes	43
	2.2 Cosmogenic Nuclides	49
	2.3 The Compton Continuum and Pair Production	49
	2.4 Typical Background Spectra	50
	2.5 Man-Made Radioactivity	51
	2.6 Neutrons	52
	2.7 NORM and TENORM	53
	2.8 Medical Isotopes	54
	3 Problems	55
	References	56
	Detection Statistics	57
	1 Classical and Bayesian Statistics	57
	2 Counting Statistics	58
	2.1 Energy Resolution Statistics	58
	2.2 More on Error Propagation Statistics	64
	3 Confusion Matrices	66
	4 Receiver Operating Characteristics	71
	5 Application of Bayesian Statistical Methods	75
	6 Pulse Shape Discrimination as an Example of Binary Classification	78
	7 Problems	80
	References	81
	The Nuclear Fuel Cycle	82
	1 Mining and Chemical Processing of Uranium	82
	2 UF6 Conversion and Enrichment	83
	3 Post-reactor	84
	4 Conversion of Military Materials	85
	5 Waste Management	86
	6 Enrichment Technologies	86
	6.1 Gaseous Diffusion	86
	6.2 Centrifuge Separation	89
	6.3 Electromagnetic Separation	96
	6.4 Laser Isotope Separation	99
	7 Reactors and Proliferation	101
	8 Problems	102
	References	103
	Nuclear Forensics	104
	1 Introduction	104
	2 Attribution Methods	106
	2.1 Chronometers	106
	2.2 Calculation of Initial Enrichment	107
	2.3 Other Nuclear Signatures	109
	2.4 Morphology and Structure	110
	3 Analysis Tools	113
	3.1 Radiation Detection Equipment	113
	3.2 Mass Spectrometry	114
	4 Problems	115
	References	115
	Nuclear Testing	117
	1 Introduction and History	117
	2 The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the International Monitoring System	118
	3 Radionuclide Monitoring	119
	3.1 Fission Product Distributions	119
	3.2 Xenon and Cesium Signatures	121
	3.3 Krypton Signatures	123
	3.4 Argon-37	123
	3.5 Atmospheric Transport of Radionuclides	124
	3.6 Radionuclide Monitoring Technology	125
	4 Seismic Signals	129
	4.1 Seismic Wave Types	129
	4.2 Distance-to-Event Determination	131
	4.3 Seismic Signatures of Nuclear Explosive Tests	132
	4.4 Limitations of Seismic Monitoring	134
	5 Hydroacoustic Monitoring	136
	6 Infrasonic Signatures	138
	6.1 Waves in the Atmosphere	139
	6.2 Infrasound Signatures for Atmospheric Nuclear Testing	142
	6.3 Instruments for Infrasonic Detection	145
	7 Concluding Remarks	146
	8 Problems	146
	References	148
	Active Interrogation	151
	1 Introduction	151
	2 Neutron Active Interrogation	152
	2.1 Differential Die-Away Analysis	152
	2.2 Delayed Neutrons	154
	2.3 Delayed Gammas from Fission Products	155
	2.4 Neutron Transport	157
	3 Photofission	162
	4 Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence	163
	4.1 NRF Physics	163
	4.2 Ph