| Preface | 6 |
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| Contents | 13 |
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| 1 Biosensors for Security and Bioterrorism: Definitions, History, Types of Agents, New Trends and Applications | 16 |
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| Abstract | 16 |
| 1 Introduction | 17 |
| 2 Definitions | 17 |
| 3 History | 18 |
| 3.1 20th Century | 18 |
| 3.2 21st Century | 19 |
| 4 Types of Agents | 19 |
| 4.1 Category A | 19 |
| 4.1.1 Anthrax | 20 |
| 4.1.2 Smallpox | 20 |
| 4.1.3 Botulinum Toxin | 20 |
| 4.1.4 Bubonic Plague | 20 |
| 4.1.5 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | 21 |
| 4.1.6 Tularemia | 21 |
| 4.2 Category B | 21 |
| 4.3 Category C | 21 |
| 5 Recent Advances of Biosensors for the Rapid Detection of Weapons of Terrorism | 22 |
| 6 Planning and Response | 23 |
| 6.1 Preparedness | 23 |
| 6.2 Aspects of Protection Against Bioterrorism Mainly in the US Include | 23 |
| 6.3 Biosurveillance | 25 |
| 6.4 Response to Bioterrorism Incident or Threat | 26 |
| 7 Conclusions | 27 |
| References | 28 |
| 2 Microfluidics a Potent Route to Sample Delivery for Non-intrusive Sensors | 29 |
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| Abstract | 29 |
| 1 Introduction | 30 |
| 2 Microfluidics: Basic Features | 31 |
| 3 Dual Flow for Mobile Liquid-Liquid Interfaces | 31 |
| 4 Transport Phenomena Under Flow Conditions | 34 |
| 5 Electrophoretic Field Effects | 36 |
| 6 Cell Resolution | 37 |
| 7 Dual Flow Heterogeneity | 37 |
| 8 In Situ Polymer Membrane Formation | 39 |
| 9 Sensor Incorporation in Microfluidics | 42 |
| 10 Conclusions | 44 |
| Acknowledgments | 45 |
| References | 45 |
| 3 New Routes in the High-Throughput Screening of Toxic Proteins Using Immunochemical Tools | 49 |
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| Abstract | 49 |
| 1 Lethal Plant/Bacteria Proteins as Potential Warfare Agents: An Overview | 49 |
| 1.1 Plant Protein Toxins | 50 |
| 1.2 Bacterial Protein Toxins | 52 |
| 2 Nanostructured Immunosensors for the on-Site Detection of Toxic Proteins in Food and Biological Samples | 54 |
| 2.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors | 59 |
| 2.1.1 Amperometric Immunosensors with Highly Conductive Nanoparticle-Modified Transducers | 59 |
| 2.1.2 Impedance Immunosensors | 62 |
| 2.2 Piezoelectric Imunosensors | 63 |
| 2.3 Optical Immunosensors | 63 |
| 2.3.1 Optical Fiber/Fluorescence-Combined Immunoassays | 64 |
| 2.3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Imunosensors | 65 |
| 3 Immunoassay Implementation: Labelled Vs. Label-Free Formats for the Detection of Proteins in Liquid Samples | 66 |
| 4 Solving Current Issues in High-Throughput Analysis: Decreasing the Detection Limit and the Response Time of the Sensor | 66 |
| 5 Future Applications in Point-of-Care Systems | 67 |
| Acknowledgement | 67 |
| References | 68 |
| 4 Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Sensing of Explosives and Its Mixtures | 74 |
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| Abstract | 74 |
| 1 Introduction | 74 |
| 1.1 Detection of Explosives by Simple Voltammetry | 77 |
| 1.2 Improvement of Voltammetric Results with Use of Chemometrics | 79 |
| 2 Systems Using a Single Sensor | 81 |
| 3 Systems Using a Sensor Array | 86 |
| 4 Concluding Remarks | 92 |
| Acknowledgements | 92 |
| References | 93 |
| 5 Magneto Actuated Biosensors for Foodborne Pathogens and Infection Diseases Affecting Global Health | 95 |
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| Abstract | 95 |
| 1 Introduction | 96 |
| 1.1 Global Health: A Challenge for Key Enabling Technologies | 96 |
| 1.2 Traditional Methods for the Detection of Food Borne Pathogens and Infection Diseases | 97 |
| 1.3 Technical Challenges in Diagnostic Tests in Low-Resource Settings | 98 |
| 2 Magnetic Particles in ASSURED Diagnostic | 100 |
| 3 Electrochemical Biosensors | 102 |
| 4 Magnetic Immobilisation Coupled with a Magneto-Actuated Electrode for Electrochemical Biosensing | 105 |
| 5 Electrochemical Biosensors of Agents Affecting Food Safety | 107 |
| 5.1 Immuno (IMS) and Phagomagnetic Separation (PMS) Coupled with Electrochemical Genosensing on Magneto Actuated Electrodes | 108 |
| 5.2 Immunomagnetic Separation (IMS) Coupled with Electrochemical Immunosensing on Magneto Actuated Electrodes | 112 |
| 5.3 Simultaneous Electrochemical Magneto Genosensing of Foodborne Bacteria Based on Triple-Tagging Multiplex Amplification | 113 |
| 6 Electrochemical Biosensors of Infection Agents Affecting Global Health | 113 |
| 6.1 Electrochemical Magneto-Actuated Biosensor for CD4 Count in AIDS Diagnosis and Monitoring | 113 |
| 6.2 Electrochemical Magneto-Actuated Biosensor for CD4 Count in AIDS Diagnosis and Monitoring | 116 |
| 7 Final Remarks | 117 |
| References | 120 |
| 6 Electrochemical Biosensors for Chemical Warfare Agents | 127 |
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| Abstract | 127 |
| 1 Introduction | 127 |
| 2 Nerve Agents | 130 |
| 2.1 Biosensor Based on Cholinesterase Enzyme Inhibition | 131 |
| 2.1.1 Bi-enzymatic
|