| CONTENTS | 6 |
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| LIST OF TABLES | 9 |
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| LIST OF FIGURES | 13 |
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| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 18 |
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| 1 INTRODUCTION | 20 |
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| 2 TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION | 22 |
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| 2.1 LANGUAGE VARIETY | 22 |
| 2.2 LANGUAGE VARIETIES AND SPEECH IN ENGLAND | 24 |
| 2.3 LANGUAGE VARIETIES AND SPEECH IN AUSTRIA | 28 |
| 2.4 HIGH AND LOW-PRESTIGE VARIETIES AND THE STANDARD DIALECT CONTINUUM | 33 |
| 2.5 LANGUAGE ATTITUDES | 38 |
| 3 BACKGROUND | 44 |
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| 3.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES INTO LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN BRITAIN | 44 |
| 3.2 PREVIOUS STUDIES INTO LANGUAGE ATTITUDES IN AUSTRIA | 54 |
| 4 METHODOLOGY | 64 |
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| 4.1 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE (MGT) | 64 |
| 4.2 EVALUATION OF THE MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE | 79 |
| 4.3 QUESTIONNAIRE | 82 |
| 4.4 RECORDINGS | 87 |
| 4.5 PILOT STUDIES | 90 |
| 4.6 FIELDWORK | 91 |
| 4.7 PROCESSING THE FINDINGS | 97 |
| 5 MANCHESTER FIELDWORK: RESULTS | 98 |
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| 5.1 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN MANCHESTER: OVERALL RESULTS | 99 |
| 5.2 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN MANCHESTER: BREAKDOWN OF THE GUISES | 106 |
| 5.3 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN MANCHESTER: RESULTS BY GENDER OF INFORMANTS | 127 |
| 5.4 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN MANCHESTER: RESULTS BY AGE OF INFORMANTS | 132 |
| 5.5 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN MANCHESTER: RESULTS BY ORIGIN OF INFORMANTS | 137 |
| 5.6 SUMMARY | 154 |
| 6 VIENNA FIELDWORK: RESULTS | 156 |
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| 6.1 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN VIENNA: OVERALL RESULTS | 157 |
| 6.2 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN VIENNA: BREAKDOWN OF THE GUISES | 161 |
| 6.3 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN VIENNA: RESULTS BY GENDER OF INFORMANTS | 187 |
| 6.4 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN VIENNA: RESULTS BY AGE OF INFORMANTS | 192 |
| 6.5 MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE IN VIENNA: RESULTS BY ORIGIN OF INFORMANTS | 196 |
| 6.6 SUMMARY | 211 |
| 7 COMPARISON OF RESULTS BETWEEN MANCHESTERAND VIENNA | 214 |
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| 7.1 OVERALL RESULTS OF MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE FOR MANCHESTER AND VIENNA | 214 |
| 7.2 OVERALL RESULTS OF THE MATCHED-GUISE TECHNIQUE FOR MANCHESTER AND VIENNA: GENDER | 219 |
| 7.4 DISCUSSION AND REVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGY | 220 |
| 8 CONCLUSION | 224 |
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| BIBLIOGRAPHY | 232 |
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| APPENDIX | 240 |