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Voltage Control and Protection in Electrical Power Systems From System Components to Wide-Area Control

:	Sandro Corsi
:	Voltage Control and Protection in Electrical Power Systems From System Components to Wide-Area Control
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781447166368
:	Advances in Industrial Control
:	1
:	CHF 133.60
:

:	Elektronik, Elektrotechnik, Nachrichtentechnik
:	English

:	579
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Based on the author's twenty years of experience, this book shows the practicality of modern, conceptually new, wide area voltage control in transmission and distribution smart grids, in detail. Evidence is given of the great advantages of this approach, as well as what can be gained by new control functionalities which modern technologies now available can provide. The distinction between solutions of wide area voltage regulation (V-WAR) and wide area voltage protection (V-WAP) are presented, demonstrating the proper synergy between them when they operate on the same power system as well as the simplicity and effectiveness of the protection solution in this case.

The author provides an overview and detailed descriptions of voltage controls, distinguishing between generalities of underdeveloped, on-field operating applications and modern and available automatic control solutions, which are as yet not sufficiently known or perceived for what they are: practical, high-performance and reliable solutions. At the end of this thorough and complex preliminary analysis the reader sees the true benefits and limitations of more traditional voltage control solutions, and gains an understanding and appreciation of the innovative grid voltage control and protection solutions here proposed; solutions aimed at improving the security, efficiency and quality of electrical power system operation around the globe.

Voltage Control and Protection in Electrical Power Systems: from System Components to Wide Area Control will help to show engineers working in electrical power companies and system operators the significant advantages of new control solutions and will also interest academic control researchers studying ways of increasing power system stability and efficiency.

Dr. Sandro Corsi, is a senior scientist and project manager at CESI S.p.A.. Formerly, he has been manager and head of the voltage control office at ENEL Research Department. His main interests are in studies, consultancies, specifications, design and applications in real power systems of grid voltage controls, generator controls, power electronics, HVDC systems, substation automation, grid security and protection systems, advanced control and communication methods and technologies. He has a wide experience in field applications, in Italy and further afield, of grid support control systems. His international experience also includes projects related to SCADA/EMS, tailored energy markets and grids integration to UCTE/ETNSO pool. He pioneered the studies and applications of the 'Transmission Network Automatic Voltage Regulation and Wide Area Protection Systems'. On renewable energy, he has a long experience of studies and field applications of special control systems in photovoltaic, wind and fuel cells generators and power stations. Member of: CIGRE, IEEE-PES and CEI WGs and SCs. Member of IREP Board of Directors and IET-GTD; IJRET Editorial Boards. Author of more than 100 technical papers in the main Conferences Proceedings and Reviews on power system stability, control and protection. Reviewer of IEEE-Transactions, and for IET, Elsevier, EPSR , IJRET and International Conference papers.

	Series Editors’ Foreword	7
	Preface	9
	Acknowledgements	12
	Contents	14
	Abbreviations and Acronyms	20
	Introduction	22
	References	26
	Part I	28
	Voltage Control Resources	28
	Chapter-1	29
	Relationship Between Voltage and Active and Reactive Powers	29
	1.1 Grid Short Lines	29
	1.1.1 Reactive Power Transfer	31
	1.1.2 Losses	32
	1.2 Reactive Loads	33
	1.3 Grid Medium-Long Length Lines	34
	1.4 Grid as a Combination of Loads and Lines	36
	References	37
	Chapter-2	38
	Equipment for Voltage and Reactive Power Control	38
	2.1 Introduction	38
	2.2 Reactive Power Compensation Devices	39
	2.2.1 Shunt Capacitors	39
	2.2.2 Mechanically Switched Capacitors (MSC)	40
	2.2.3 Shunt Reactors	41
	2.2.4 Mechanically Switched Reactors (MSR)	42
	2.2.5 Multiple Compensation Device Operating Point	43
	2.3 Voltage and Reactive Power Continuous Control Devices	45
	2.3.1 Synchronous Generators	45
	ECS with Exciting Dynamo	46
	ECS with Alternator and Rotating Diodes	47
	ECS with Static Exciter	48
	ECS Model Parameters	49
	Synchronous Generator as Reactive Power Source	49
	2.3.2 Synchronous Compensators	55
	2.3.3 SVG: Static VAR Generators	57
	Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR)	58
	Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)	59
	Fixed Capacitor and Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)	61
	Thyristor-Switched Capacitor, Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TSC-TCR)	63
	2.3.4 Static VAR Compensators (SVCs)	66
	SVC Voltage Control Requirements	67
	SVC Regulation Slope	68
	2.3.5 Static Compensators (STATCOMs)	69
	STATCOM Voltage Control Requirements	72
	STATCOM Regulation Slope	74
	2.3.6 Unified Power Flow Control (UPFC)	74
	Fundamentals of the Shunt Voltage Source Converter	76
	Fundamentals of the Series Voltage Source Converter	77
	Fundamentals of the UPFC	80
	UPFC Voltage Control Requirements	85
	2.4 Voltage and Reactive Power Discrete Control Devices: On-load Tap-changing Transformers	87
	2.4.1 Generalities	87
	2.4.2 Output Voltage Dependence on Current Turns Ratio	88
	2.4.3 Static Characteristic of the Transformer	90
	2.4.4 Link of Voltage, Reactive Power and Turns Ratio in OLTC Transformer Applications	95
	Combined Use of OLTC and Reactive Power Injections in Transmission Networks	95
	Radial Transmission/Distribution System with Two Cascaded OLTC Transformers	99
	2.4.5 Regulating Transformers	101
	In-Phase Regulating Transformer (IPRT)	101
	Phase-Shifting Transformers (PSTs)	101
	2.5 Conclusion	103
	References	104
	Chapter-3	106
	Grid Voltage and Reactive Power Control	106
	3.1 General Considerations	106
	3.2 Voltage-Reactive Power Manual Control	110
	3.2.1 Manual Voltage Control by Reactive Power Flow	111
	3.2.2 Manual Voltage Control by Network Topology Modification	111
	3.3 Voltage-Reactive Power Automatic Control	111
	3.3.1 Automatic Voltage Control by OLTC Transformer	112
	3.3.2 Automatic Voltage Control (AVR) of Generator Stator Edges	115
	Linear Analysis of Generator Voltage Control Loop	117
	3.3.3 Automatic Voltage Control by Generator Line Drop Compensation (Compounding)	124
	Objective of Compounding	124
	Link Between Voltage and Reactive Power	125
	Line Drop Compensation (Compounding)	126
	Line Drop Compensation and Stability	128
	Line Drop Compensation Simplified Feedback	130
	3.3.4 Generalities on Automatic High Side Voltage Control at a Substation	131
	Voltage Control at a Substation	132
	3.3.5 Automatic High Side Voltage Control at a Power Plant	133
	Principal Scheme	133
	Model of the Power Plant	133
	High Side Voltage Regulator	137
	3.3.6 Automatic Voltage-Reactive Power Control by SVC	143
	SVC Voltage Regulation	143
	SVC Voltage Control Drop	146
	Dynamic Behaviour of SVC	149
	Dynamic Behaviour of SVC Reactive Power Control	153
	3.3.7 Automatic Voltage-Reactive Power Control by STATCOM	158
	STATCOM Grid Voltage Regulation	159
	STATCOM Voltage Control Drop	161
	Dynamic Behaviour of the STATCOM	165
	Dynamic Behaviour of the STATCOM Reactive Power Control	168
	3.3.8 Automatic Voltage-Reactive Power Control by UPFC	173
	UPFC Control Schemes