| Preface | 6 |
|---|
| Contents | 8 |
|---|
| Acronyms | 12 |
|---|
| 1 Introduction | 16 |
|---|
| 1.1 Today's Power Grid | 16 |
| 1.2 Drivers and Objectives of the Smart Grid | 17 |
| 1.3 Communications for the Smart Grid | 23 |
| 1.3.1 SGCN: Characteristics, Requirements, Challenges | 23 |
| 1.3.2 Smart Meters | 26 |
| 1.4 Structure of This Brief | 28 |
| References | 29 |
| 2 Smart Grid Communications Network (SGCN) | 30 |
|---|
| 2.1 Overall Architecture of the SGCN | 30 |
| 2.1.1 Premises Network | 30 |
| 2.1.1.1 Home Area Network (HAN) | 31 |
| 2.1.1.2 Building Area Network (BAN) | 31 |
| 2.1.1.3 Industrial Area Network (IAN) | 31 |
| 2.1.2 Neighbor Area Network (NAN) | 32 |
| 2.1.3 Field Area Network (FAN) | 32 |
| 2.1.4 Wide Area Network (WAN) | 33 |
| 2.1.5 Interconnection of Network Segments | 33 |
| 2.2 Standards in the SGCN | 33 |
| 2.2.1 IEEE Standards | 34 |
| 2.2.2 NIST Standards | 36 |
| 2.3 QoS Requirements in the SGCN | 38 |
| 2.3.1 Home and AMI Networks | 38 |
| 2.3.1.1 Electricity Usage Applications | 39 |
| 2.3.1.2 Electric Grid State Applications | 40 |
| 2.3.1.3 Demand Optimization Applications | 40 |
| 2.3.2 Substation Networks | 41 |
| 2.3.2.1 Monitoring Applications | 41 |
| 2.3.2.2 Control Applications | 42 |
| 2.3.3 Distribution Network | 42 |
| 2.3.3.1 Grid State Applications | 43 |
| 2.3.3.2 Distribution Optimization | 43 |
| References | 44 |
| 3 Wireless Communications Technologies for the SGCN | 46 |
|---|
| 3.1 Brief Overview of Communications Technologies for the SGCN | 46 |
| 3.2 Short-Range Radios | 48 |
| 3.2.1 IEEE 802.15.1/Bluetooth | 48 |
| 3.2.2 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) | 48 |
| 3.2.3 Near-Field Communication (NFC) | 49 |
| 3.3 Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) | 49 |
| 3.3.1 IEEE 802.15.4 | 49 |
| 3.3.2 ZigBee | 50 |
| 3.3.3 IEEE 802.15.4g | 50 |
| 3.3.4 WirelessHART | 51 |
| 3.3.5 6LoWPAN | 51 |
| 3.3.6 Z-Wave | 52 |
| 3.4 Wireless High-Speed LANs | 52 |
| 3.4.1 IEEE 802.11 Infrastructured WiFi | 52 |
| 3.4.2 IEEE 802.11 WiFi Mesh | 53 |
| 3.5 Wireless MANs/WANs | 54 |
| 3.5.1 IEEE 802.11 Municipal/City-Wide WiFi Mesh | 54 |
| 3.5.2 Cellular Networks | 54 |
| 3.5.3 IEEE 802.16/WiMAX | 55 |
| 3.5.4 Satellite Communications | 56 |
| 3.6 Candidate Wireless Technologies for SGCN Implementation | 58 |
| 3.6.1 Wireless Technologies for HANs | 58 |
| 3.6.2 Wireless Technologies for NANs | 59 |
| 3.6.3 Wireless Technologies for WANs | 60 |
| 3.7 A Typical Implementation of the SGCN | 62 |
| 3.7.1 Network Architecture | 62 |
| 3.7.2 Protocol Architecture | 63 |
| References | 64 |
| 4 Wireless Routing Protocols for NANs | 65 |
|---|
| 4.1 Routing in Wireless Networks | 65 |
| 4.1.1 Wireless Routing Protocol Classification | 65 |
| 4.1.2 Flooding-Based Protocols | 66 |
| 4.1.3 Cluster-Based Protocols | 66 |
| 4.1.4 Geographic Protocols | 67 |
| 4.1.5 Self-Organizing Coordinate Protocols | 68 |
| 4.2 Routing in NANs | 68 |
| 4.3 GPSR Protocol for NAN | 72 |
| 4.3.1 Detailed Description | 72 |
| 4.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages | 74 |
| 4.4 RPL Protocol for NAN | 75 |
| 4.4.1 Detailed Description | 75 |
| 4.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages | 77 |
| 4.5 Proactive Parent Switching for RPL | 78 |
| 4.5.1 A Review on Global and Local Repair | 78 |
| 4.5.2 Proactive Parent Switching (PPS) | 79 |
| 4.5.3 Parameter Selection for PPS | 81 |
| References | 81 |
| 5 Performance and Feasibility of GPSR and RPL in NANs | 84 |
|---|
| 5.1 Simulation Setup | 84 |
| 5.1.1 Network Topology and SM Placement | 84 |
| 5.1.2 Wireless Channel Model | 85 |
| 5.1.3 PHY and MAC Layer Specifications | 86 |
| 5.1.4 Traffic Model | 87 |
| 5.2 Performance Metrics | 88 |
| 5.2.1 Packet Transmission Delay | 88 |
| 5.2.2 Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) | 89 |
| 5.3 Simulation Results and Discussions | 89 |
| 5.3.1 Network Performance Without Node Failure | 91 |
| 5.3.1.1 Study Case I: Protocol Operations Without Shadowing | 91 |
| 5.3.1.2 Study Case II: Effects of Shadowing | 95 |
| 5.3.1.3 Study Case III: Effects of Data Traffic Load | 100 |
| 5.3.1.4 Study Case IV: Effects of Cluster Size | 102 |
| 5.3.2 Network Performance with Node Failures | 103 |
| 5.3.2.1 Study Case V: Effects of Node Failures | 103 |
| 5.3.2.2 Study Case VI: Effects of Node Failures Under High Load | 108 |
| 5.4 Discussions | 109 |
| References | 110 |
| 6 SGCN: Further Aspects and Issues | 111 |
|---|
| 6.1 Cyber Security | 111 |
| 6.2 QoS Differentiation and Provisioning | 112 |
| 6.3 Network Coding | 113 |
| 6.4 Machine-to-Machine Communications | 114 |
| 6.5 Cloud Computing | 115 |
| 6.6 Software-Defined Networking and Network Virtualization | 116 |
| 6.7 Smart Grids and Smart Cities | 118 |
| References | 119 |
