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Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels

:	Jenny M Jones, Amanda R Lea-Langton, Lin Ma, Mohamed Pourkashanian, Alan Williams
:	Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781447164371
:	1
:	CHF 56.90
:

:	Wärme-, Energie- und Kraftwerktechnik
:	English

:	118
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book considers the pollutants formed by the combustion of solid biomass fuels. The availability and potential use of solid biofuels is first discussed because this is the key to the development of biomass as a source of energy.
This is followed by details of the methods used for characterisation of biomass and their classification.
The various steps in the combustion mechanisms are given together with a compilation of the kinetic data. The chemical mechanisms for the formation of the pollutants: NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbons, SOx, Cl compounds, and particulate metal aerosols are given in detail. Combustion kinetics required for the application for design purposes are given. Examples are given of emission levels of a range different types of combustion equipment. Data is given of NOx, particulates and other pollutant arising from combustion of different fuels in fixed bed combustion, fluidized bed combustion and pulverised biomass combustion and co-firing. Modeling methods including computational fluid dynamics for the various pollutants are outlined. The consequential issues arising from the wide scale use of biomass and future trends are then discussed. In particular the role of carbon capture and storage in large biomass combustion plants is considered as well as the opportunity of reducing the concentration of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.

	Foreword	6
	Preface	7
	Acknowledgments	9
	Contents	10
	1 Introduction to Biomass Combustion	15
	Abstract	15
	1.1 The Role of Biomass Combustion in World Energy	15
	1.2 Resources—Supply of Biomass	19
	References	20
	2 Combustion of Solid Biomass: Classification of Fuels	22
	Abstract	22
	2.1 Methods of Utilisation	22
	2.2 Forms of Solid Biomass Fuels	28
	2.3 Types of Solid Biomass Fuels and Their Classification	30
	2.4 Characterisation by Chemical Analysis	32
	2.5 Characterisation by TGA, PY-GC-MS and FTIR	34
	References	36
	3 The Combustion of Solid Biomass	38
	Abstract	38
	3.1 General Mechanism of Combustion	38
	3.2 Particle Heating and Moisture Evaporation	41
	3.3 Devolatilisation	42
	3.4 Combustion of the Volatiles—Gases and Tars	47
	3.5 Char Combustion	49
	References	54
	4 Pollutant Formation and Health Effects	57
	Abstract	57
	4.1 General Feature of Pollutants Arising from Biomass Combustion	57
	4.2 Smoke, UBH, Volatiles, PAH and Odour	58
	4.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Other Nitrogenous Pollutants	65
	4.4 Sulphur, Chlorine Compounds and Dioxins	69
	4.5 Metals, K–Cl–S Chemistry and Aerosol Emissions	70
	References	72
	5 Emissions from Different Types of Combustors and Their Control	74
	Abstract	74
	5.1 Emissions from Biomass Combustion	74
	5.2 Emissions from Fixed and Travelling Bed Combustors	75
	5.3 Emissions from Large Industrial Combustion Plant	79
	5.4 Wild Fires	80
	References	80
	6 Mathematical Modelling	82
	Abstract	82
	6.1 Modelling Biomass Combustion Using Computational Fluid Dynamics	82
	6.1.1 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations	85
	6.1.2 Turbulence-Chemistry Interactions	88
	6.2 Modelling Pulverised Biomass Particle Combustion	90
	6.2.1 Particle Motion	90
	6.2.2 Heat Transfer	95
	6.2.3 Devolatilisation	96
	6.2.4 Char Combustion	97
	6.3 Modelling Pulverised Fuel Co-firing in Power Stations	98
	6.4 Modelling Fixed Bed Combustion	102
	6.5 Modelling Fluidised Bed Combustion	104
	6.6 Modelling Pollutant Emissions	104
	6.6.1 Nitrogen Oxides	104
	6.6.2 SOX Emissions	105
	6.6.3 Modelling Aerosol Pollutants	105
	References	107
	7 Biomass Combustion: Carbon Capture and Storage	109
	Abstract	109
	7.1 Introduction	109
	7.2 Combustion with Air or Oxygen	110
	7.3 Gasification	112
	7.4 Chemical Looping	112
	7.5 Carbon Capture and Storage	113
	References	113
	Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition	115
	Appendix B: Gaseous Emissions Conversion Table	117
	Appendix C: Physical and Thermal Properties of Biomass	118