CHAPTER 1 : Dreams in human civilisation
The significance of dreams became apparent quite soon among the ancient civilisations. Particular attention was then given to portents that referred not only to the personal but also the social level.
Before man discovered the individualistic view of society, the dream of a prominent and charismatic person was considered a portent about the wider destiny of that person’s tribe, because it was considered to be a sign sent from the gods, an epiphany, a revelation of the Fate as arranged by the gods.
In the first civilised societies, the kings assons of gods, were the exclusive recipients of divine messages and the interpretation of dreams was carried out by priests – seers, knowledgeable in the symbols of divine language.
1. Dreams in the ancient civilisations of the Middle-East
For theEgyptians, dreams constituted the powers of the chaos, the foretaste of death. Gods that were invisible in daylight, even abstract ideas of a transcendental world could make their appearance during a particular dream. Therefore, because they believed that that the dreamer came in contact with invisible powers of a metaphysical world, an ominous dream was considered a warning for a future threat. On the other hand, Egyptians realised that in fact the person is vulnerable to the contacts of evil and hostile spirits. In order to be protected, and apart from the good spirits one could pray to before going to sleep, they used specially-made crescent-shaped headrests or pillows.
Of course the dreams of the Pharaohs were much more important than those of the commoners and for the this reason historical sources provide us with a plethora of prophesies and epiphanies that determined the destinies of the kingdom. Usually they portended the course of a decisive battle. Thus, Amenofis II (1450-1425 BC) saw Amon in his dream during a military campaign in the Middle East, something that occur the following day. This is the classic case of epiphany, during which the god promises victory to his chosen Pharaoh.
Herodotus’ narration of the dream of Pharaoh Seth (2, 141) is more widely known. When Senaherib led the Assyrian and Arab armies against Egypt, the Egyptian military refused to support the Pharaoh. Seth crying found refuge at the temple of god Ftha in Memphis, and the god appeared in his dream as a protector of his crown. The god revealed to him that he was going to help him if the Pharaoh decided to do battle against the invading army. Pharaoh succeeded in securing the help of simple citizens who lacked any battle experience. During the eve of the battle, a host of rats entered the enemy camp and ate away the quivers, the bows and the shield handles. Victory during the following day was certain as the enemy force fled.
Very soon in the ancient Egyptian civilisation, the interpretation of dreams was linked to the treatment suggested by a healer to whom