| Acknowledgements | 5 |
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| Abbreviations | 10 |
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| 1 Introduction | 13 |
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| 1.1 What is symmetrical voice? | 13 |
| 1.2 Symmetrical voice and syntactic theory | 14 |
| 1.3 The data | 16 |
| 1.4 Content and structure | 19 |
| 2 The Symmetry of the Voices in Indonesian, Balinese, Totoli, and Tagalog | 21 |
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| 2.1 Introduction | 21 |
| 2.2 Basic morpho-syntactic properties | 23 |
| 2.2.1 Indonesian | 23 |
| 2.2.2 Balinese | 27 |
| 2.2.3 Totoli | 29 |
| 2.2.4 Tagalog | 34 |
| 2.2.5 Morphological marking and the markedness of voices | 40 |
| 2.3 Subject properties | 41 |
| 2.3.1 Relativisation | 43 |
| 2.3.2 Control | 49 |
| 2.3.3 Raising | 56 |
| 2.3.4 Quantifier floating and secondary predicates | 64 |
| 2.4 Properties of the non-subject argument | 67 |
| 2.4.1 Quantifier floating and secondary predicates | 67 |
| 2.4.2 Word order | 73 |
| 2.4.3 Adjunct fronting | 77 |
| 2.5 Challenging data | 79 |
| 2.5.1 Reflexive binding | 79 |
| 2.5.2 Control in Tagalog | 87 |
| 2.6 Symmetrical voice languages | 93 |
| 2.6.1 Against an undergoer-voice-as-passive analysis | 97 |
| 2.6.2 Against an actor-voice-as-antipassive analysis | 100 |
| 2.7 Conclusion | 104 |
| 3 Linking Semantic Arguments to Syntax | 105 |
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| 3.1 Introduction | 105 |
| 3.2 LFG and the Lexical Mapping Theory (LMT) | 105 |
| 3.2.1 Asymmetrical linking and standard assumptions of LMT | 105 |
| 3.2.2 Symmetrical voice as a challenge for standard LMT | 111 |
| 3.2.3 Non-canonical linking in the LFG literature | 112 |
| 3.2.3.1 Presentational focus | 113 |
| 3.2.3.2 Underspecification of the actor argument | 118 |
| 3.2.3.3 Morpholexically predetermined SUBJ linking | 122 |
| 3.2.3.4 Inverse linking | 126 |
| 3.3 Role and Reference Grammar | 134 |
| 3.3.1 Standard assumptions and asymmetric linking in RRG | 134 |
| 3.3.2 Symmetrical voice as a challenge to linking in RRG | 145 |
| 3.4 Conclusion | 151 |
| 4 Coreness, Obliqueness, and the Status of the Passive Actor | 153 |
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| 4.1 Introduction | 153 |
| 4.2 CORE vs. OBLIQUE revisited | 154 |
| 4.3 The status of the passive actor | 160 |
| 4.3.1 Distinguishing arguments from adjuncts | 162 |
| 4.3.2 A multi-step approach to the argument-adjunct-distinction | 167 |
| 4.4 The core-oblique distinction in Austronesian languages | 176 |
| 4.5 “Symmetries” in asymmetrical languages | 180 |
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| 4.6 Conclusion | 187 |
| 5 A Modified LFG Approach to Linking | 189 |
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| 5.1 Introduction | 189 |
| 5.2 Linking and the lexicon | 190 |
| 5.3 Morpholexical linking and inverse linking revisited | 194 |
| 5.3.1 The (pure) morpholexical approach | 194 |
| 5.3.2 Inverse linking (again) | 204 |
| 5.4 Approach A: Underspecification and morpholexical subject selection | 207 |
| 5.4.1 General assumptions | 208 |
| 5.4.2 Asymmetrical voice | 210 |
| 5.4.3 Symmetrical voice | 211 |
| 5.4.4 Passive | 216 |
| 5.4.5 Critique | 221 |
| 5.5 Approach B: Language specific classification of the agent | 222 |
| 5.5.1 General assumptions | 223 |
| 5.5.2 Linking asymmetrical and symmetrical voices | 224 |
| 5.5.3 Critique | 225 |
| 5.6 Limits of LMT | 226 |
| 5.6.1 The function of voice alternations | 226 |
| 5.6.2 Gradience in grammar | 228 |
| 5.6.3 Definiteness restrictions | 231 |
| 5.7 Conclusion | 231 |
| 6 Conclusion | 233 |
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| Appendix | 237 |
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| References | 244 |
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| Index of subjects | 254 |
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