| Acknowledgements | 5 |
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| List of maps, figures and tables | 12 |
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| List of abbreviations | 20 |
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| 1 Introduction | 21 |
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| 1.0 Introduction | 21 |
| 1.1 Chinese dialects | 22 |
| 1.2 Theoretical background | 24 |
| 1.3 Overview of the book | 40 |
| 1.4 Data of the present study | 43 |
| 1.5 Technical notes | 48 |
| 2 Directional verbs in modern Cantonese. A typological perspective | 53 |
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| 2.0 Introduction | 53 |
| 2.1 Previous works | 53 |
| 2.2 Characteristics of directional verbs | 65 |
| 2.2.1 Expression of motion | 66 |
| 2.2.2 Ability to take a locative object | 68 |
| 2.2.3 Potential to form compound directional complements | 72 |
| 2.3 Directional verbs | 76 |
| 2.3.1 Self-agentive motion events | 76 |
| 2.3.2 Non-agentive motion events | 79 |
| 2.3.3 Agentive motion events | 81 |
| 2.4 Simple directional complements | 86 |
| 2.4.1 Self-agentive motion events | 86 |
| 2.4.2 Non-agentive motion events | 89 |
| 2.4.3 Agentive motion events | 91 |
| 2.5 Compound directional complements | 96 |
| 2.5.1 Self-agentive motion events | 96 |
| 2.5.2 Non-agentive motion events | 99 |
| 2.5.3 Agentive motion events | 101 |
| 2.6 State change verbs | 107 |
| 2.7 Discussion | 114 |
| 2.7.1 From verb framing to satellite framing | 114 |
| 2.7.2 From satellite framing to compounding | 136 |
| 2.8 Summary | 154 |
| 3 Directional verbs in modern Chinese dialects. A synchronic perspective | 156 |
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| 3.0 Introduction | 156 |
| 3.1 Previous works | 156 |
| 3.2 Lexical variations in directional verbs | 184 |
| 3.2.1 Forms expressing ‘to ascend’ | 186 |
| 3.2.2 Forms expressing ‘to descend’ | 186 |
| 3.2.3 Forms expressing ‘to enter’ | 187 |
| 3.2.4 Forms expressing ‘to return’ | 187 |
| 3.3 Directional verbs | 188 |
| 3.3.1 Self-agentive motion events | 188 |
| 3.3.2 Non-agentive motion events | 194 |
| 3.3.3 Agentive motion events | 197 |
| 3.4 Simple directional complements | 198 |
| 3.4.1 Self-agentive motion events | 198 |
| 3.4.2 Non-agentive motion events | 206 |
| 3.4.3 Agentive motion events | 212 |
| 3.5 Compound directional complements | 223 |
| 3.5.1 Self-agentive motion events | 223 |
| 3.5.2 Non-agentive motion events | 228 |
| 3.5.3 Agentive motion events | 233 |
| 3.6 Discussion | 240 |
| 3.6.1 Modern Chinese dialects and Talmy’s typology of motion events | 241 |
| 3.6.1.1 Self-agentive motion events | 241 |
| 3.6.1.2 Non-agentive motion events | 243 |
| 3.6.1.3 Agentive motion events | 244 |
| 3.6.2 Classification of modern Chinese dialects | 249 |
| 3.6.2.1 Classification of Min | 257 |
| 3.6.2.1.1 Directional verbs in three Min dialects | 258 |
| 3.6.2.1.1.1 Self-agentive motion events | 260 |
| 3.6.2.1.1.2 Agentive motion events | 262 |
| 3.6.2.1.2 Simple directional complements in three Min dialects | 262 |
| 3.6.2.1.2.1 Self-agentive motion events | 262 |
| 3.6.2.1.2.2 Agentive motion events | 263 |
| 3.6.2.1.3 Compound directional complements in three Min dialects | 265 |
| 3.6.2.1.3.1 Self-agentive motion events | 265 |
| 3.6.2.1.3.2 Agentive motion events | 266 |
| 3.6.2.2 Classification of Mandarin | 273 |
| 3.6.2.3 Classification of Hakka | 278 |
| 3.7 Summary | 283 |