| Abbreviations and conventions | 9 |
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| Author’s prologue | 12 |
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| Part 1: Introduction | 19 |
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| 1.0. Distribution and classification of Utian (Miwok-Costanoan) languages | 19 |
| 1.1. History of Miwok studies | 19 |
| 1.2. History of Costanoan classification | 25 |
| 1.3. Ramaytush, Tamyen, and Chocheño | 26 |
| 1.4. Status of Chalon and Awaswas | 27 |
| 1.5. Criteria for classification | 29 |
| 1.6. Holtzmann’s Law | 30 |
| 1.7. Summary | 33 |
| 2.0. Utian linguistics | 33 |
| 2.1. Typology and reconstruction | 34 |
| 2.2. The Proto Utitan homeland | 35 |
| 3.0. Beyond Utian | 35 |
| Map 1: The Miwok linguistic area | 36 |
| 3.1. The case for Yok-Utian | 37 |
| 3.2. Utian and Yokuts plant and animal terms | 37 |
| 3.3. Archaeological evidence | 38 |
| 3.4. Linguistic evidence for Yok-Utian | 38 |
| Map 2: The Yokuts linguistic area | 39 |
| Map 3: The California area | 40 |
| 3.4.1 Sound correspondences linking Utian and Yokuts | 41 |
| 3.4.2. Canons, stem types, and relic processes | 44 |
| 3.4.3. Relic i/a ablaut in Utian and Yokuts | 45 |
| Table 16: Yokuts family tree | 49 |
| 4.0. Evidence for an Esselen substrate in Utian | 50 |
| 4.1. Background and sources | 50 |
| 4.2. Probable Esselen phonemic system | 51 |
| 4.3. Rumsen historical developments | 52 |
| 4.4. Proba
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