| Acknowledgements | 7 |
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| 1 Introduction | 11 |
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| 2 A cognitively plausible network model of the language system | 18 |
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| 2.1 A cognitively plausible model | 18 |
| 2.1.1 A usage-based model | 18 |
| 2.1.2 A redundant-storage model | 19 |
| 2.1.3 A frequency-based model | 21 |
| 2.1.4 A comprehensive model | 22 |
| 2.1.5 An integrative model | 23 |
| 2.1.6 A hierarchical model | 24 |
| 2.1.7 A rank-permeability model | 25 |
| 2.2 A network model | 26 |
| 2.2.1 Network models in psychology and linguistics | 26 |
| 2.2.2 The present network model | 34 |
| 2.2.2.1 A glance at neurophysiological aspects | 35 |
| 2.2.2.2 Frequency | 38 |
| 2.2.2.3 Spreading activation | 40 |
| 2.2.2.4 If-then relations in the network | 43 |
| 2.2.2.5 Competition | 44 |
| 2.2.2.6 Distributed or local | 54 |
| 2.2.2.7 To be or not to be – ISA and other relations in the network | 56 |
| 2.2.2.8 The inheritance of features | 62 |
| 2.2.2.9 The representation of sequence | 69 |
| 2.2.2.10 Learning - changing network structures | 73 |
| 2.2.3 Notational conventions | 77 |
| 3 Units, classes, structures and rules – language data and linguistic modelling | 83 |
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| 3.1 From data to description | 83 |
| 3.2 From description to grammatical rules | 101 |
| 4 ‘Traditional’ concepts and their representation in the network model | 105 |
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| 4.1 Traditional descriptive and early generative concepts | 105 |
| 4.2 Applying the model to rules and units of grammar | 116 |
| 4.2.1 The formation and representation of classes | 118 |
| 4.2.2 Gradience in the network model | 126 |
| 4.2.3 Ambiguity, vagueness and polysemy | 144 |
| 4.2.4 The formation and representation of sequences and structures | 152 |
| 4.2.5 The representation of rules | 168 |
| 4.2.6 Rules and their instantiations: redundancy and related issues | 177 |
| 4.2.7 A network view on morphological productivity | 187 |
| 5 Cognitive schemas | 191 |
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| 5.1 Schemas in psychology and linguistics | 191 |
| 5.2 Cognitive schemas in the network model | 198 |
| 5.2.1 Regular clausal constructions | 198 |
| 5.2.2 Idiosyncratic constructions and patterns | 209 |
| 5.3 Recurrent item strings | 215 |
| 5.4 Recurrent item strings in the network model | 222 |
| 5.4.1 Concrete fillers with no intervening material | 223 |
| 5.4.2 Abstract fillers in continuous strings | 227 |
| 5.4.3 Concrete and abstract fillers with intervening material | 229 |
| 5.4.4 The interaction of idiomaticity and productivity | 232 |
| 5.5 Frequency and other causes for entrenchment in the present network model | 236 |
| 6 Beyond grammar: language use and the network | 238 |
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| 6.1 The nature of categories and its relevance for processing | 238 |
| 6.2 The exploitation of expectation | 243 |
| 6.3 Processing principles | 255 |
| 6.4 A note on garden paths and related issues | 272 |
| 7 Outlook and conclusion | 275 |
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| References | 279 |
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| Index | 300 |
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