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Dryland East Asia: Land Dynamics amid Social and Climate Change

:	Jiquan Chen, Shiqiang Wan, Geoffrey Henebry, Jiaguo Qi, Garik Gutman, Ge Sun, Martin Kappas
:	Dryland East Asia: Land Dynamics amid Social and Climate Change
:	Walter de Gruyter GmbH& Co.KG
:	9783110287912
:	Ecosystem Science and ApplicationsISSN
:	1
:	CHF 168.70
:

:	Ökologie
:	English

:	496
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Drylands in East Asia (DEA) are home to more than one billion people and vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic changes. In order to develop adaptation strategies one needs to know how ecosystems respond to these changes. The book provides state-of-the-art knowledge on drylands ecosystem dynamics, climate changes, and land use in DEA. With contributions from international experts, the book will be of interest both to researchers and students.

< >Jiquan Chen,University of Toledo, OH, USA;Shiqiang Wan, Henan University, China;Geoffrey Henebry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA;Jiaguo Qi, Michigan State University, Ann Arbor, USA;Garik Gutman, Land Cover Land Use Change Program, NASA, Washington DC, USA;Ge Sun, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, USA;Martin Kappas, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.

	Part I. State and Changes in Dryland East Asia	27
	1 State and Change of Dryland East Asia (DEA)	29
	1.1 Geography, Demography and Economics in DEA	29
	1.2 Climate and Land-Use Changes	36
	1.3 Ecosystem Production and Evapotranspiration	40
	1.4 Scientific and Societal Challenges for Adaptations in DEA	42
	References	46
	2 Dryland East Asia in Hemispheric Context	49
	2.1 Study Regions	49
	2.2 Change Analysis of Vegetated Land Surface	51
	2.3 Retrospective Trend Analysis Reveals Areas of Significant Change	52
	2.4 Vegetation Change in Three Epochs	53
	2.5 Land Cover Variation and Change	56
	2.6 Precipitation Variation and Change	60
	2.7 Conclusion	64
	References	65
	3 NEESPI and MAIRS Programs in Dryland East Asia	71
	3.1 Introduction	71
	3.2 Contrast and Comparison	73
	3.2.1 The Programs	73
	3.2.2 Research Approaches	74
	3.2.3 Organization Structure	75
	3.2.4 Major Research Activities	75
	3.3 Major Findings and Achievements	76
	3.3.1 Understanding Climate Change	76
	3.3.2 Understanding Societal Consequences	77
	3.3.3 Understanding Ecosystem Impacts	79
	3.3.4 Institutional Responses to Environmental Change	80
	3.3.5 Understanding Challenges	80
	3.4 Conclusions	82
	References	83
	4 Land Use and Land Cover Change in Dryland East Asia	87
	4.1 Introduction	88
	4.2 Global Land Use Changes through Centuries	91
	4.3 Long-Term Changes in Cropland and Pastureland in DEA	92
	4.4 Recent Changes in Asian Drylands	94
	4.4.1 Rangeland Degradation and Desertification and Increased Cropland	94
	4.4.2 Grassland Recovery	98
	4.4.3 Reforestation/Afforestation	98
	4.5 Sahel Land Use Change	100
	References	104
	5 Urban Expansion and Environment Change in Dryland East Asia	107
	5.1 Introduction	107
	5.2 Study Area, Data, and Methodology	109
	5.2.1 Study Area	109
	5.2.2 Data and Methodology	111
	5.3 Findings	112
	5.3.1 Urban Expansion	113
	5.3.2 Environment Impact	116
	5.4 Case of ¨Ur¨umqi	118
	5.4.1 Spatio-Temporal Change in Ürümqi	118
	5.4.2 Environment Challenges of Ürümqi	120
	5.5 Discussion	122
	5.5.1 Characteristics of Urbanization in Arid Regions	122
	5.5.2 Socio-Economic Factors Driving Urbanization	123
	5.6 Conclusions	125
	References	126
	6 Ecosystem Carbon Cycle under Changing Atmosphere, Climate and Land Use in Dryland East Asia	131
	6.1 Introduction	131
	6.2 Simulated Ecosystem Carbon Patterns in DEA	132
	6.3 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Atmospheric Change	136
	6.3.1 CO2 Enrichment	136
	6.3.2 Nitrogen Deposition and Its Impact on DEA Ecosystems	137
	6.4 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Climate Change	138
	6.4.1 Responses to Precipitation Changes	138
	6.4.2 Responses to Temperature Changes	139
	6.5 Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Cycling to Land Use and Land Cover Changes	140
	6.6 Interactions among Environmental Changes	141
	6.6.1 Limitation of Nitrogen Availability on CO2 Impacts	141
	6.6.2 Dependence of Nitrogen Effects on Water Status (Precipitation Regimes)	142
	6.6.3 Interaction between Temperature (Warming) and Water Availability (Precipitation)	142
	6.6.4 Relationship and Interactions between Land Use and Climate Changes on Ecosystem Carbon Cycling	143
	6.7 Carbon Sequestration Potential and Human Adaption to Climate Change	144
	References	144
	7 Dynamics of Vegetation Productivity in Dryland East Asia from 1982 to 2010	151
	7.1 Introduction	151
	7.2 Data and Methods	153
	7.2.1 AVHRR NDVI	153
	7.2.2 MODIS NDVI	154
	7.2.3 Land Cover Map	155
	7.2.4 MERRA Reanalysis Data	155
	7.2.5 Agricultural Statistics	155
	7.2.6 Statistical Analysis	157
	7.3 Results and Discussion	157
	7.3.1 Trends of Spatially-Averaged NDVI	157
	7.3.2 Spatial Patterns of NDVI Trends	161
	7.3.3 Climatic Drivers	163
	7.3.4 Other Drivers	165
	7.4 Conclusions