| Acknowledgements | 9 |
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| List of figures | 14 |
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| List of tables | 15 |
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| 1 Preliminaries | 17 |
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| 1.1 Salience and linguistic variation | 18 |
| 1.1.1 Lexical reference and social indexation | 18 |
| 1.1.2 Concepts and notations | 24 |
| 1.1.3 Salience as low probability | 24 |
| 1.2 Structure of the book | 27 |
| 1.2.1 Methodology | 27 |
| 1.2.2 Chapter structure | 29 |
| 1.2.3 The case studies | 32 |
| 1.3 Concluding remarks | 38 |
| 2 Defining Salience | 39 |
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| 2.1 Salience as a general term | 39 |
| 2.1.1 Salience in sociolinguistics | 41 |
| 2.1.2 Salience in visual cognition | 47 |
| 2.1.3 Selective attention in hearing | 51 |
| 2.2 Operationalising sociolinguistic salience | 52 |
| 2.2.1 Preliminaries | 52 |
| 2.2.2 Defining salience | 53 |
| 2.2.3 Exemplars and transitional probabilities | 55 |
| 2.3 Concluding remarks | 59 |
| 3 Methodology | 61 |
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| 3.1 Cognitive salience: main assumptions and considerations | 61 |
| 3.2 Cognitive salience: further assumptions | 63 |
| 3.3 Step-by-step corpus editing | 65 |
| 3.4 Calculating transitional probabilities | 68 |
| 4 Definite Article Reduction | 71 |
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| 4.1 Background | 72 |
| 4.1.1 Details of the process | 72 |
| 4.1.2 DAR as a salient variable | 75 |
| 4.2 Analysis | 75 |
| 4.2.1 Methods | 75 |
| 4.2.2 Salience from token frequency | 76 |
| 4.2.3 Salience from transitional probability | 78 |
| 4.2.4 Further arguments for phonotactic distinctiveness | 80 |
| 4.3 Concluding remarks | 84 |
| 5 Glottalisation in the South of England | 87 |
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| 5.1 Background | 88 |
| 5.1.1 Two recent studies | 88 |
| 5.1.2 Salience and glottalisation | 92 |
| 5.2 Analysis | 93 |
| 5.2.1 Methods | 94 |
| 5.2.2 The London-Lund Corpus | 95 |
| 5.2.3 The Spoken Corpus of Adolescent London English | 97 |
| 5.2.4 Modelling results | 99 |
| 5.3 Concluding remarks | 103 |
| 6 Hiatus resolution in Hungarian | 105 |
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| 6.1 Background | 105 |
| 6.1.1 The perception of hiatus resolution: Methods | 108 |
| 6.1.2 The perception of hiatus resolution: Results | 109 |
| 6.1.3 Hiatus resolution and naïve linguistic awareness | 112 |
| 6.2 Analysis | 113 |
| 6.2.1 Corpus results | 113 |
| 6.2.2 Main points | 115 |
| 6.3 Concluding remarks | 116 |
| 7 Derhoticisation in Glasgow | 117 |
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| 7.1 Background | 117 |
| 7.1.1 Social stratification and social awareness | 118 |
| 7.1.2 Derhoticisation in Glasgow | 120 |
| 7.1.3 /r/ in Glasgow | 121 |
| 7.1.4 Studies on coda /r/ | 130 |
| 7.1.5 Interim Summary | 135 |
| 7.2 Analysis | 137 |
| 7.2.1 The FRED study | 137 |
| 7.2.2 Transitional probabilities in coda /r/ realisation | 139 |
| 7.3 Concluding remarks | 142 |
| 7.4 The operationalisation and relevance of salience | 144 |
| 8 Salience and models of the lexicon | 145 |
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| 8.1 The relevance of salience | 145 |
| 8.2 The duality of patterning | 147 |
| 8.3 Modelling, phonetic variation and indexation | 148 |
| 8.4 Summary | 151 |
| 9 Salience and language change | 153 |
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| 9.1 Speaker indexation in sound change | 154 |
| 9.1.1 Approaches to speaker indexation | 154 |
| 9.1.2 Simulations on the role of indexation | 156 |
| 9.2 Salience in the propagation of a change | 161 |
| 9.2.1 Glottalisation in England | 161 |
| 9.2.2 Derhoticisation in Scotland | 163 |
| 9.3 Concluding remarks | 164 |
| 10 Conclusions | 165 |
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| 10.1 The source of salience | 165 |
| 10.1.1 From cognitive properties to language use | 165 |
| 10.1.2 Consequences for phonological modelling | 167 |
| 10.2 The predictability of salience | 168 |
| 10.2.1 Types of phonological change | 169 |
| 10.2.2 Consonants and vowels | 170 |
| 10.2.3 Overview | 171 |
| 10.3 Concluding remarks | 171 |
| Bibliography | 173 |
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| Index | 181 |
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