| Foreword | 7 |
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| Acknowledgements | 11 |
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| Note | 12 |
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| Abbreviations | 13 |
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| Introduction | 15 |
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| 1 History of criticism: from Zeller to Kingsley | 21 |
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| 1.1 Zeller: the skepticism of the beginnings | 22 |
| 1.2 Diels: a Zellerian collection | 28 |
| 1.3 Rohde: the reaction to skepticism | 29 |
| 1.4 Burnet: the double teaching of acousmatics and mathematicians | 31 |
| 1.5 Cornford and Guthrie: in search of unity between science and religion | 33 |
| 1.6 From Delatte to De Vogel: Pythagoreanism and politics | 37 |
| 1.7 Aristotle’s unique testimony and the uncertain Academic tradition | 47 |
| 1.8 From Burkert to Kingsley: the third way and mysticism in the Pythagorean tradition | 54 |
| 1.9 Conclusion | 63 |
| 2 Pythagoreanism as a historiographical category | 66 |
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| 2.1 Interpreting interpretations: diachronic and synchronic dimensions | 66 |
| 2.2 Pythagorean identity | 69 |
| 2.3 The Pythagorean koinonía | 75 |
| 2.4 Acousmatics and mathematicians | 91 |
| 2.5 Conclusion | 97 |
| 3 Immortality of the soul and metempsýchosis | 100 |
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| 3.1 “Is it the soul?” (Xenophanes) | 103 |
| 3.2 “Wiser than all” (Heraclitus and Ion of Chios) | 108 |
| 3.3 “Ten or twenty human generations” (Empedocles) | 111 |
| 3.4 Plato and Orphism | 114 |
| 3.4.1 “Understanding the logos of their ministry” | 115 |
| 3.4.2 Hierarchy of incarnations | 120 |
| 3.4.3 Sôma-sêma | 121 |
| 3.4.4 Pythagorean mediation | 130 |
| 3.5 Herodotus, Isocrates and Egypt | 135 |
| 3.6 Legends on immortality | 138 |
| 3.7 A Pythagorean Democritus? | 141 |
| 3.8 Aristotle and the Pythagorean myths | 143 |
| 3.9 Conclusion | 148 |
| 4 Numbers | 151 |
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| 4.1 All is number? | 152 |
| 4.1.1 Three versions of the Pythagorean doctrine of numbers | 152 |
| 4.1.2 Two solutions | 161 |
| 4.1.3 The Philolaic solution | 164 |
| 4.1.3.1 One book or three books? | 165 |
| 4.1.3.2 Authenticity of Philolaus’ fragments | 167 |
| 4.1.3.3 The Doric pseudo-epigraphic tradition | 169 |
| 4.1.4 The Aristotelian exception (Met. A 6, 987b) | 173 |
| 4.1.5 The Platonic testimony (Phlb. 16c-23c) | 181 |
| 4.2 The fragments of Philolaus | 186 |
| 4.2.1 Unlimited/limiting | 186 |
| 4.2.2 The role of numbers in Philolaus | 192 |
| 4.3 Conclusion | 198 |
| Conclusion | 203 |
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| Bibliography | 211 |
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| Primary sources | 211 |
| Secondary sources | 214 |
| Index of Topics | 228 |
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| Index of Passages | 233 |
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| Index of Names | 238 |
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