| I | 8 |
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| 8 | 8 |
| 1. Why norms are not conventions and conventions are not norms | 18 |
| 1.1 The tension of normativity | 18 |
| 1.2 Two concepts of arbitrariness: Saussure and Lewis | 20 |
| 1.3 Can conventions become norms? | 29 |
| 1.4 Rules | 32 |
| 2. Cavell on normative necessity: The philosopher, the baker, and the pantomime of caution | 36 |
| 2.1 “I am less interested now in the “mean” than I am in the “must”” | 36 |
| 2.2 “Here the pantomime of caution concludes” | 38 |
| 2.3 “…the hopelessness of speaking, in a general way, about the “normativeness” of expressions” | 40 |
| II. Rules as conventions vs. rules as norms in the rule-following debates | 46 |
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| 3. What is a rule and what ought it to be | 46 |
| 3.1 The reduction of rules to conventions vs. the reduction of rules to norms | 46 |
| 3.2 Kripke: The reduction of rules to conventions1 | 47 |
| 3.3 Baker and Hacker: The reduction of rules to norms | 59 |
| 3.4 Meredith Williams on normative necessity | 70 |
| 3.5 Cora Diamond: Rules and their right place | 82 |
| III. Twisted Language | 90 |
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| 4. Davidson on rules, conventions and norms | 90 |
| 4.1. Normativity without conventionality | 90 |
| 4.2 Communication without rules or conventions | 90 |
| 4.3 “The second person” vs. the community view | 97 |
| 4.4 The two kinds of normativity | 100 |
| 4.5 The unpacking of ‘ought’18 | 106 |
| 4.6 Normativity without norms | 109 |
| 5. Searle on rules (of rationality, conversation and speech acts) | 116 |
| 5.1 The shortcut argument against rule | 116 |
| 5.2 Is language a rule governed form of behavior or is it not? | 117 |
| 5.3 (No) Rules of conversation | 118 |
| 5.4 Background brought to the foreground | 123 |
| Conclusion | 126 |
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