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Acquisition Reversal The Effects of Postlingual Deafness in Yoruba

:	Olanike Ola Orie
:	Acquisition Reversal The Effects of Postlingual Deafness in Yoruba
:	De Gruyter Mouton
:	9781614510451
:	Studies on Language Acquisition [SOLA]ISSN
:	1
:	CHF 159.80
:

:	Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft
:	English

:	292
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

< PAN lang=DE>

This is the first comprehensive account of prolonged hearing loss and its impact on a language that was once spoken fluently. The reader is introduced to a significant deaf population - Yoruba speakers who have been profoundly deaf for more than twenty years and who have no access to hearing aids or speech therapy. These speakers exhibit language loss patterns which mirror acquisition stages in the speech of Yoruba children. This similarity argues for a link between language loss and first language acquisition, and shows that prolonged hearing loss results in the reversal of language.

< >Olanike Ola Orie, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana,USA.

	Acknowledgments	9
	Abbreviations	11
	Chapter 1 Postlingual Deafness	13
	1.1 Introduction	13
	1.2 Factors affecting language development and maintenance after hearing loss	16
	1.3 Deafness and its causes among the Yoruba	18
	1.4 First language attrition, postlingual deafness, language loss	20
	1.5 The Empirical Base	23
	1.6 Theoretical framework	24
	1.6.1 Optimality Theory: markedness and faithfulness	27
	1.6.2 Childhood Postlingual Deafness: Belfast English Patterns	32
	1.7 Goals and Organization of the Book	35
	Chapter 2 The Yoruba: the people and their language	37
	2.1 The Yoruba of West Africa and Diaspora	37
	2.2 Yoruba Language	43
	2.2.1 The sound system (Phonetics and Phonology)	44
	2.2.2 Word size and word formation (Morphology)	58
	2.2.3 Sentence formation (Syntax)	60
	Chapter 3 Deafness, Societal Attitude, and Language Adaptation	65
	3.1 Attitude toward the Deaf	65
	3.2 Congenital deafness	66
	3.3 When a deaf child is motherless or orphaned: the story of Kuye.?	71
	3.4 Postlingually Acquired Deafness: Challenges and Language Adaptation	76
	3.4.1 “I cannot believe I can still talk”: the postlingually deafened child	76
	3.4.2 “Listening and hearing with my eyes”: reading lips and reading gestures	79
	3.4.3 Life at School for the Deaf	81
	3.4.4 “I miss hearing my language”: the challenges of mothering hearing children	85
	3.4.5 “Ears are like kidneys, you can indeed live well with only one”: hearing with one ear	89
	3.4.6 Hearing aids and language preservation	91
	Chapter 4 Yoruba Sign Language: A Basic Description	93
	4.1 Background	93
	4.2 Contrasting Yoruba co-speech gesture and Yoruba Sign Language	99
	4.2.1 Gestures and YSL Similarity: Pointing	99
	4.2.2 Gestures and YSL Differences	100
	4.3 The phonology of YSL	109
	4.3.1 One- versus Two-Handed Signs	110
	4.3.2 Hand shapes	112
	4.3.3 Location	119
	4.3.4 Movement	124
	4.3.5 Non-manual articulators - head, mouth, face, nose, arm, leg	128
	4.4 The Morphology of YSL	135
	4.4.1 Monomorphemic signs	135
	4.4.2 Polymorphemic signs	136
	4.4.3 Other Morphological Processes	138
	4.5 YSL Syntax	142
	4.5.1 Basic Word order	142
	4.5.2 Negation and Questions	144
	4.6 Discussion and Conclusion	149
	Chapter 5 Postlingual Deafness at Age 5: Patterns of Loss after 25 Years	151
	5.1 Postlingual Deafness Phonological Patterns	152
	5.1.1 Consonants	152
	5.1.2 Vowels	158
	5.1.3 Tones	165
	5.1.4 Syllable structure	171
	5.2 Morphology	175
	5.3 Syntax	178
	5.4 Summary of M’s grammar	182
	Chapter 6 Postlingual Deafness at Age 8: Patterns of Loss after 25 Years	184
	6.1 Postlingual Deafness Phonological Patterns	184
	6.1.1 Consonants	184
	6.1.2 Vowels	188
	6.1.3 Tone patterns	195
	6.1.4 Syllable structure	200
	6.2 Morphology	203
	6.3 Syntax	207
	6.4 Summary and Comparison of T and M’s grammars	212
	Chapter 7 The Connection of Postlingual Deafness Language Loss to Acquisition	215
	7.1 Children’s acquisition of phonology	215
	7.2 Yoruba child phonology	216
	7.2.1 Tones	217
	7.2.2 Oral Vowels	220
	7.2.3 Nasal vowel patterns	227
	7.2.4 Consonants	229
	7.2.5 Syllables	236
	7.2.6 Phonological Acquisition and Postlingual Deafness Attrition	240
	7.3 Morphology	243
	7.4 Syntax	247
	7.4.1 Two-word stage	247
	7.4.2 Telegraphic Multi-word Stage	249
	7.4.3 Full finite sentences	251
	7.4.4 Complex sentences: Focus construction	252
	7.4.5 Child Yoruba syntax and syntactic attrition	255
	7.5 Acquisition and Postlingual Deafness Attrition as Mirror Markedness-based Systems	256
	Chapter 8 Summary, Suggestions for Rehabilitation and Further Research	262
	8.1 Summary of findings	262
	8.1.1 Defining Deafness	262
	8.1.2 Documenting a less known aspect of Yoruba: postlingual deafness data	263
	8.1.3 Parallel patterns in attrition and acquisition	263
	8.1.4 The age factor in determining the degree of attrition	264
	8.1.5 Documenting Yoruba Sign Language	264
	8.2 Suggestions for Linguistic Rehabilitation	264
	8.3 Remaining issues and recommendations for further research	267
	References	270
	Index	291