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Paths to Dark Energy Theory and Observation

:	Gene Byrd, Arthur D. Chernin, Pekka Teerikorpi, Mauri Valtonen
:	Paths to Dark Energy Theory and Observation
:	Walter de Gruyter GmbH& Co.KG
:	9783110258783
:	De Gruyter Studies in Mathematical PhysicsISSN
:	1
:	CHF 168.50
:

:	Theoretische Physik
:	English

:	416
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

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This work provides the current theory and observations behind the cosmological phenomenon of dark energy. The approach is comprehensivewith rigorous mathematical theory and relevant astronomical observations discussed in context.The book treats the background and history starting with the new-found importance of Einstein's cosmological constant (proposed long ago for the opposite purpose) in dark energy formulation, as well as the frontiers of dark energy.

< >Gene Byrd, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA;Arthur D. Chernin, Moscow State University, Russia;Pekka TeerikorpiandUniversity of Turku, Finland.

	Preface	5
	1 The start of the paths	13
	1.1 Newton’s absolute space and time	13
	1.2 Light versus absolute space and time	14
	1.3 Space-time events and intervals	16
	1.4 Space-time measurements and Lorentz transformations	18
	1.5 The Minkowski diagram	20
	2 General Relativity: apparent acceleration of gravity	27
	2.1 Gravitation as an apparent force	27
	2.2 Principle of Equivalence	28
	2.3 Lagrangians and motion of bodies	29
	2.4 Integrals of motion	30
	3 Tests of General Relativity	32
	3.1 The Schwarzschild metric and the gravitational redshift	32
	3.3 Orbits in General Relativity	36
	3.2 Deflection of light	42
	4 Curved space in cosmology	48
	4.1 Non-Euclidean geometries	48
	4.2 Curvature of 3-space	51
	5 Finite versus infinite universe in space and time	61
	5.1 Observation of an isotropic universe	61
	5.2 A finite universe in time	61
	5.3 The age of the universe via its “oldest objects”	62
	5.4 Observational discovery of the expanding universe	66
	5.5 Problems with the Hubble constant and the age of the universe	74
	6 Cosmology and the “first appearance” of dark energy	78
	6.1 A first formulation of dark energy: Einstein’s finite static universe	78
	6.2 Cosmological redshift and Friedmann’s evolving universes	80
	6.3 The Hubble constant in the Friedmann standard model	83
	7 Einstein’s equations, criticai density and dark energy	89
	7.1 Introduction	89
	7.2 The path to Einstein equations with the cosmological constant	89
	7.3 Interpretations of the cosmological constant	97
	8 Modei Universes	100
	8.1 Friedmann equation	100
	8.2 The Einstein-de Sitter universe (critical density Friedmann case with no dark energy)	102
	8.3 The de Sitter universe (introduction dark energy with no matter)	105
	8.4 The Concordance Model (both matter and dark energy so k = 0)	105
	8.5 Testing via the small scale Newtonian limit	109
	8.6 Newtonian cosmology and the “k” parameter	112
	9 Dark energy discovered	115
	9.1 The era of zero-Lambda models	115
	9.2 Cosmological angular-diameter distance estimates	116
	9.3 Cosmological standard candle distance estimates	120
	9.4 More luminous standard candles	121
	9.5 Observational discovery of dark energy	124
	9.6 Type Ia supernovae redshifts and distances vs uniform expansion	126
	9.7 Could it be some problem with the standard candle method?	130
	9.8 Modified gravity theories	132
	10 Relics: cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons and neutrinos	135
	10.1 The prediction and discovery of the CMB	135
	10.2 The Big Bang components	136
	10.3 The early radiation-dominated universe	139
	10.4 Properties of cosmic microwave background radiation	142
	10.5 Why a CMB thermal spectrum?	146
	10.6 Relic neutrinos and O	157
	11 Baryonic matter	160
	11.1 Why matter and not also anti-matter?	160
	11.2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis prediction and processes	163
	11.3 Baryon nucleosynthesis abundances and cosmological implications	165
	11.4 The baryon content of cosmic systems	167
	11.5 The Lyman alpha forest	168
	12 Discovering dark matter	173
	12.1 Dark matter in the Milky Way disk near the Sun	173
	12.2 Dark matter discovery in clusters via the Virial Theorem	176
	12.3 Subclusters in rich Clusters of galaxies	181
	12.4 Dark matter discovery in Clusters via the Cluster gas	183
	12.5 Dark matter in the Milky Way disk and its halo	187
	12.6 Dark matter discovery inside disk galaxies via rotation curves	192
	12.7 Dark matter discovery in the Local Group	194
	12.8 Dark matter in binary Galaxy systems	197
	12.9 Dark matter discovery via gravitational lensing	200
	12.10 Dark matter in different scales	214
	12.11 The importance and nature of dark matter versus baryonic matter	216
	13 Dark matter and baryonic structures	218
	13.1 Newton’s con