| Chapter 1. Introduction | 13 |
|---|
| 1.0. Setting the context of the book | 13 |
| 1.1. Introduction to German and its verbs | 17 |
| 1.2. Organic Grammar | 21 |
| 1.3. The rest of this book | 28 |
| 1.4. A reading guide | 29 |
| Extensions | 29 |
| Chapter 2. The Organic Syntax of Adult German | 32 |
|---|
| 2.0. Introduction | 32 |
| 2.1. Overview of syntax and inflectional morphology | 33 |
| 2.2. The classic German tree | 42 |
| 2.3. Problems with the classic analysis of German | 48 |
| 2.3.1. Problem 1 (syntactic) | 48 |
| 2.3.2. Problem 2 (syntactic) | 49 |
| 2.3.3. Problem 3 (acquisition) | 50 |
| 2.3.4. Problem 4 (acquisition) | 51 |
| 2.4. English functional projections in Organic Grammar | 52 |
| 2.5. The Master Tree in end-state adult German | 58 |
| 2.6. Comparing the German and English Master Trees | 67 |
| 2.7. Summary | 68 |
| Extensions | 68 |
| 1. Koopman’s argument | 68 |
| 2. Kayne’s (1994) and Zwart’s (1994) proposals | 69 |
| 3. Are the specifier positions in German A- or A’-positions? | 70 |
| 4. Post-Minimalist syntactic approaches that are not suitable for acquisition data | 71 |
| Chapter 3. Organic Grammar and L1 acquisition | 75 |
|---|
| 3.0. Introduction | 75 |
| 3.1. Strong and weak continuity in acquisition | 78 |
| 3.2. Root defaults in L1 acquisition | 81 |
| 3.3. Beyond Root Defaults in L1 acquisition | 88 |
| 3.4. Stages of development in L1 German | 95 |
| 3.4.1. Is the earliest syntactic stage a VP-stage or an FP-Stage? | 99 |
| 3.4.2. The development of NegP | 101 |
| 3.4.3. The development of TP (previously FP) | 104 |
| 3.4.4. The development of AgrP | 107 |
| 3.4.5. The development of the CP | 111 |
| 3.5. Summary | 112 |
| Extensions | 113 |
| 1. The post-80s syntactic theories and acquisition | 113 |
| 2. On Root Default terminology (and a note on rich inflection) | 114 |
| 3. Some more negation examples from adult German (and a slight problem) | 115 |
| 4. An idea about parameter setting and functional projections | 116 |
| 5. Access to UG in L2A and the Critical Period | 117 |
| Chapter 4. Second language acquisition at the VP level | 120 |
|---|
| 4.0. Introduction | 120 |
| 4.1. Current issues in the L2 acquisition of morphosyntax | 120 |
| 4.2. Claims regarding the initial state in L2 | 127 |
| 4.3. L2 learners’ earliest syntax | 129 |
| 4.3.1. VP transfer | 129 |
| 4.3.2. Root Defaults (Infinitives) in L2 acquisition | 132 |
| 4.4. The predicted stages of acquisition in L2 German | 135 |
| 4.5. The VP-stage of L2 adult learners of German | 139 |
| 4.5.1. The VP stage for head-final L1 speakers (Korean and Turkish) | 140 |
| 4.5.2. The VP-stage for head-initial L1: Romance speakers | 147 |
| 4.5.3. Head-initial VP L1: English speakers | 156 |
| 4.6. Other views of L2 German and the VP-level data | 166 |
| 4.7. Summary | 170 |
| Extensions | 170 |
| 1. The earliest stages of Child L2 German | 170 |
| 2. The Grammatical Mapping Paradigm | 175 |
| Chapter 5. Second language acquisition at the IP level | 176 |
|---|
| 5.0. Introduction | 176 |
| 5.1. The acquisition of functional projections in a second language | 178 |
| 5.2. The development of the NegP projection | 183 |
| 5.3. Verb raising, FP and TP | 196 |
| 5.3.1. Background on the head-final languages, Korean and Turkish, and data collection | 199 |
| 5.3.2. FP in the data of L1 Turkish/Korean speakers | 204 |
| 5.3.3. Turkish/Korean Learners at a late FP-stage | 208 |
| 5.3.4. FP in the data from speakers of the head-initial languages Spanish and Italian | 209 |
| 5.3.5. FP or TP in the L1 English speakers’ data | 217 |
| 5.4. The AgrP projection | 223 |
| 5.4.1. The Turkish and Korean learners’ AgrP projection | 224 |
| 5.4.2. Agreement in the Romance speakers’ data | 229 |
| 5.4.3. Th
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