| Preface | 8 |
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| Table of Content | 10 |
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| Books Cited inAbbreviated Form | 12 |
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| Journals Cited inAbbreviated Form | 16 |
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| THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION | 20 |
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| Introduction | 43 |
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| I. Part of an Integrated System | 43 |
| II. Genesis | 44 |
| Chapter I Scope | 47 |
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| Article 1 Scope | 47 |
| A. General Outline | 49 |
| B. Requirements for Application: Art. 1(1) | 50 |
| I. Civil and Commercial Matters | 50 |
| II. Non-contractual Obligations | 55 |
| 1. General Definition | 55 |
| 2. Concurrent Liability | 56 |
| 3. Culpa in Contrahendo | 56 |
| 4. Questions of Agency: Falsus Procurator and Apparent Authority | 57 |
| 5. Property Law, or Rei Vindicatio | 58 |
| 6. Actio Pauliana | 60 |
| 7. Collective Claims, or Suits Brought by Consumer Protection Associations | 61 |
| 8. Prize Notifications | 62 |
| 9. Restitution as a Consequence of a Void Contract | 62 |
| III. Situations Involving a Conflict of Laws | 63 |
| C. Specified Exclusions: Art. 1(2) | 63 |
| I. Family Relationships: Art. 1(2)(a) | 63 |
| II. Matrimonial Property Regimes, Wills, Succession: Art. 1(2)(b) | 65 |
| III. Negotiable Financial Instruments: Art. 1(2)(c) | 66 |
| IV. Company Law: Art. 1(2)(d) | 67 |
| V. Trusts: Art. 1(2)(e) | 69 |
| VI. Nuclear Damage: Art. 1(2)(f) | 71 |
| VII. Privacy and Rights Relating to Personality: Art. 1(2)(g) | 72 |
| D. Evidence and Procedure: Art. 1(3) | 75 |
| I. Distinction between Procedural and Substantive Matters | 75 |
| II. Application of Foreign Law | 76 |
| E. Exclusion of Denmark: Art. 1(4) | 77 |
| Article 2 Non-contractual obligations | 78 |
| A. Overview | 78 |
| B. Material Scope: Future Obligations and Declaratory Actions | 79 |
| C. Definitions | 80 |
| I. Art. 2(1): ‘‘Damage’’ Refers to ‘‘Any Consequence’’ | 80 |
| II. Art. 2(3): ‘‘Damage’’ and ‘‘Event Giving Rise to Damage’’ Include Damages and Events That Are Likely to Occur | 81 |
| Article 3 Universal application | 81 |
| Chapter II Torts/Delicts | 83 |
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| Article 4 General Rule | 83 |
| A. Scope and Structure | 84 |
| I. Torts/Delicts | 84 |
| 1. General Definition | 84 |
| 2. Distruction between Torst and Unjust Enrichment | 85 |
| 3. Distruction between Tort Property Law | 86 |
| 4. Concurrent Liability | 86 |
| II. Structure of the Rules on Torts/Delicts | 86 |
| III. Structure of Chapter II | 87 |
| IV. Structure of Art. 4 | 88 |
| B. Art. 4 | 88 |
| (1): General Rule: Lex Loci Damni89 | 88 |
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| I. General | 89 |
| II. Direct and Consequential Damage | 91 |
| 1. General | 91 |
| 2. Personal Injury and Damage to Property | 92 |
| 3. Purely Economic Loss | 95 |
| III. Damage in Different Countries | 107 |
| IV. A Nonexistent or Indeterminable Lex Loci Damni | 110 |
| C. Art. 4(2): Common Habitual Residence Lex Domicilii Communis | 111 |
| I. General | 111 |
| II. Prerequisites | 112 |
| 1. . . . The Parties Both . . . | 112 |
| 2. . . . Have Their Habitual Residence . . . | 115 |
| 3. . . . In the Same Country . . . | 116 |
| 4. . . . At the Time the Damage Occurs . . . | 118 |
| D. Art. 4(3): Escape Clause/Manifestly Closer Connection | 118 |
| I. General | 118 |
| II. Preexisting Relationship | 120 |
| 1. General | 120 |
| 2. Contractual Relationship | 121 |
| 3. Non-Contractual Legal Relationship | 122 |
| 4. Factual Relationship | 123 |
| E. Particular Cases | 123 |
| I. Traffic Accidents | 123 |
| II. Internet Torts | 124 |
| III. Collision of Ships or Airplanes | 125 |
| IV. Torts/Delicts onboard a Ship or Airplane | 126 |
| V. Damage to Res in Transitu | 127 |
| VI. Damage to Third Parties | 129 |
| VII. Collective Claims, or Suits Brought by Consumer Protection Associations | 131 |
| Article 5 Product liability | 132 |
| A. Overview | 133 |
| I. Legislative History | 133 |
| II. Structure | 135 |
| III. Relationship with the 1973 Hague Convention | 137 |
| B. Scope | 140 |
| I. Material Scope | 140 |
| 1. Non-Contractual Liability for Damage Caused by a Defective Product | 140 |
| 2. Relationship with Other Provisions of the Regulation | 142 |
| 3. Relationship with the E-Commerce Directive | 143 |
| II. Personal Scope | 145 |
| III. Territorial Scope | 146 |
| C. Determination of the Applicable Law | 146 |
| I. Ladder of Connections | 146 |
| 1. Choice of Law | 146 |
| 2. Common Habitual Residence | 146 |
| 3. The Cascade of Art. 5(1)1 lit. a to c | 146 |
| 4. Foreseeability Defence | 156 |
| 5. Escape Clause | 158 |
| D. Burden of Proof | 159 |
| E. Jurisdiction Issues | 159 |
| Article 6 Unfair competition and acts restricting free competition | 161 |
| A. Overview | 163 |
| B. Unfair Competition | 164 |
| I. Structure and Relationship between Art. 6(1) and 6 | 164 |
| (2) | 1648.3.2.2 |
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| 1. Material Scope | 166 |
| 2. Personal Scope | 182 |
| 3. Territorial Scope | 183 |
| III. Determination of the Applicable Law | 183 |
| 1. Market-Related Acts | 183 |
| 2. Competitor-Related Acts | 192 |
| 3. Multi-State Acts | 193 |
| C. Acts Restricting Free Competition | 196 |
| I. Legislative History and Background | 196 |