| Contents | 6 |
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| List of contributors | 8 |
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| Preface | 10 |
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| Glossary | 11 |
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| Global control of infectious diseases by vaccination programs | 15 |
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| Abstract | 15 |
| Introduction | 16 |
| Immunization policies and strategies | 19 |
| Current status, remaining problems, and progress achieved | 28 |
| Brief updates on priority current, under-used and new vaccines | 35 |
| References | 49 |
| Abstract | 56 |
| Introduction | 56 |
| Potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on the mortality of children in developing countries | 56 |
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| Burden of rotavirus disease | 57 |
| Epidemiology of rotavirus in young children | 58 |
| Characteristics of rotavirus important for vaccine development | 60 |
| Pathogenesis and clinical presentation | 62 |
| Immunity against rotavirus infection | 62 |
| Rotavirus vaccine development | 64 |
| Challenges to rotavirus vaccine development | 71 |
| References | 74 |
| Controversially discussed indications for immunization | 83 |
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| Abstract | 83 |
| Introduction | 83 |
| Immunization is safe and one of the most effective disease prevention measures | 84 |
| Indications for the immunization of selected risk groups | 95 |
| Contraindications and false contraindications | 103 |
| References | 105 |
| Gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum: Historic impact of Credé’s eye prophylaxis | 107 |
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| Abstract | 107 |
| The endangered eyesight | 108 |
| Carl Siegmund Franz Credé, introducer of the antiseptic eye prophylaxis with silver nitrate | 108 |
| “Prevention of Inflammatory eye disease in the newborn. Information from the Maternity Clinic Leipzig by Credé” [22] | 110 |
| Ludwig Sigesmund Albert Neisser and insights into etiology and pathophysiology of gonorrhea at Credé’s time | 115 |
| Discussion of Credé’s activities and his “four publications with the same title” | 117 |
| Credé’s prophylaxis today | 118 |
| Some confusion about Carl Credé? | 119 |
| Addendum | 120 |
| References | 124 |
| Malnutrition and infection in industrialized countries | 128 |
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| Abstract | 128 |
| Introduction | 128 |
| Pathophysiology of malnutrition | 129 |
| Immune dysfunction and malnutrition | 132 |
| Specific micronutrient deficiencies | 135 |
| Malnutrition syndromes of childhood | 136 |
| Chronic infection | 142 |
| References | 145 |
| Better education through improved health and nutrition: implications for early childhood development programs in developing countries | 155 |
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| Abstract | 155 |
| Introduction | 155 |
| Health and nutrition problems in preschool children | 156 |
| Impact of health and nutrition on school readiness | 156 |
| Programmatic responses | 174 |
| Interventions: What works? | 174 |
| Health or education interventions: Targeting disease or symptoms? | 178 |
| Promoting equity through preschool health interventions | 179 |
| Conclusions | 179 |
| References | 180 |
| Early childhood caries and childhood periodontal diseases | 187 |
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| Abstract | 187 |
| Introduction | 187 |
| Early childhood caries | 188 |
| Childhood periodontal diseases | 194 |
| References | 203 |
| Role of the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis | 208 |
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| Abstract | 208 |
| Introduction | 208 |
| Bacterial meningitis | 209 |
| The pathogenetic cascade | 210 |
| The blood-CNS barriers | 212 |
| Gateways into the brain | 215 |
| Experimental models for blood-CNS-barrier observations | 219 |
| Microbial translocation across the blood-CNS barrier | 222 |
| Interactions between bacteria and blood-CNS barrier cells | 224 |
| BBB disruption and pleocytosis | 228 |
| Immunological properties of the blood-CNS barrier | 229 |
| Conclusion | 233 |
| References | 233 |
| The molecular basis of paediatric malarial disease | 247 |
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| Abstract | 247 |
| Introduction | 247 |
| Severe malaria in children compared to adults | 249 |
| How might P. falciparum cause this complex disease? | 250 |
| Metabolic acidosis in falciparum malaria | 257 |
| Neurological involvement in malaria | 259 |
| Red cell abnormalities and malaria | 264 |
| Potential therapies directed at disease mechanisms | 265 |
| References | 267 |
| Epidemiology and etiology of Kawasaki disease | 281 |
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| Abstract | 281 |
| Introduction | 281 |
| Diagnostic criteria and diagnostic approach | 282 |
| Epidemiology | 282 |
| Pathology | 289 |
| Etiology | 293 |
| References | 295 |
| Helicobacter pylori infection in children | 304 |
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| Abstract | 304 |
| Introduction | 304 |
| Epidemiology | 305 |
| Pathogenesis | 305 |
| Clinical presentation | 306 |
| Helicobacter pylori and abdominal pain | 308 |
| H. pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease | 309 |
| Extragastric manifestations of H. pylori infection in children | 309 |
| Refractory iron-deficiency and H. pylori infection | 309 |
| Idiopathic thrombocytopenia and H. pylori infection | 310 |
| Investigations | 311 |
| Antibiotic resistance | 315 |
| Treatment | 315 |
| Conclusion | 316 |
| References | 316 |
| Human metapneumovirus infection | 323 |
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| Abstract | 323 |
| Background | 323 |
| Epidemiology | 326 |
| Pathogenesis and host response | 329 |
| Diagnosis | 336 |
| Clinical characteristics | 338 |
| Vaccination | 34
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