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Carotenoids, Vol. 4: Natural Functions Natural Functions

:	George Britton, Synnoeve Liaaen-Jensen, Hanspeter Pfander
:	George Britton, Synnove Liaaen-Jensen, Hanspeter Pfander
:	Carotenoids, Vol. 4: Natural Functions Natural Functions
:	Birkhäuser Basel
:	9783764374990
:	1
:	CHF 85.30
:

:	Chemie
:	English

:	370
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

The Carotenoids book series provides an introduction to the fundamental chemistry, detailed accounts of the basic methods used in carotenoid research, and critical discussions of the biochemistry, functions and applications of carotenoids. Part 1 discusses the fundamental properties on which the biological functions and effects of carotenoids depend. Part 2 describes important natural functions of carotenoids in all kinds of living organisms.

	Contents	6
	List of Contributors	19
	Preface	25
	Editors’ Acknowledgements	26
	Authors’ Acknowledgements	26
	Editors’ Notes on the Use of this Book	27
	Abbreviations	29
	Special Molecules, Special Properties	31
	A. Introduction	31
	B. Structure, Properties and Function	32
	1. Three-dimensional shape	32
	2. The conjugated double-bond system	33
	3. Molecular interactions	34
	C. Functions of Carotenoids	35
	D. Metabolites and Breakdown Products	36
	E. Conclusions	36
	Structure and Chirality	37
	A. Introduction	37
	B. Three-dimensional Carotenoid Structures	37
	C. Methods for Structure Determination	39
	References	44
	E/Z Isomers and Isomerization	45
	A. Introduction	45
	B. E/Z Isomers	45
	1. Geometrical isomerism: Definition and nomenclature	45
	2. Structural examples of common Z isomers	49
	3. Physical properties	49
	4. Spectroscopy	50
	5. Total synthesis	52
	C. E/Z Isomerization	52
	1. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects	53
	2. Photochemical isomerization catalysed by iodine	56
	3. Photochemical isomerization catalysed by diphenyl diselenide	59
	4. Avoiding unwanted E/Z isomerization	61
	5. Isolation artefacts	61
	D. Biological Implications of Carotenoid Z Isomers	61
	1. Biosynthesis	61
	2. Photosynthesis	62
	3. Transport, accumulation, and E/Z isomerization in biological tissues	62
	4. Metabolic conversions	63
	5. Antioxidant properties	64
	6. Formation during food and feed processing	64
	7. Conclusion	64
	References	64
	Three-dimensional Structures of Carotenoids by X-ray Crystallography	67
	A. Survey of Previously Reported Carotenoid Crystal Structures	67
	B. New Experimental Methods	71
	1. Methods for crystallization of free carotenoids	71
	2. Data collection	71
	C. New Determinations of Crystal Structures	73
	1. Astaxanthin and related xanthophylls	73
	2. Carotenes	79
	D. Conclusions	81
	References	81
	Aggregation and Interface Behaviour of Carotenoids	83
	A. Introduction	83
	1. Molecular aggregates	83
	2. Aggregates of carotenoids	84
	B. Aggregation in Solution	86
	1. Optical and related properties	86
	2. Light scattering	100
	3. Raman spectroscopy	101
	C. Aggregation in Different Environments	103
	1. Surfaces and interfaces	103
	2. Vesicles, lipid bilayers and miscellaneous environments	107
	3. Influence of additives	116
	4. Natural and artificial nanosized particles containing carotenoids: non-crystalline, crystalline and crystalloidal materials	117
	References	125
	Carotenoid-Protein Interactions	129
	A. Introduction: Interactions of Carotenoids with Other Molecules	129
	B. Carotenoid-protein Complexes in Plants and Microorganisms	130
	1. Photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes	130
	2. Soluble proteins	130
	C. Carotenoid-Protein Interactions in Animals	131
	1. Blood lipoproteins	131
	2. Fish muscle	132
	3. Feathers	133
	D. Carotenoproteins	133
	1. General features	133
	2. Crustacyanin	134
	3. The X-ray structure of ß-crustacyanin	136
	4. The carotenoid-binding site	137
	5. Carotenoid-protein interactions	138
	6. Mechanism of the spectral shift	142
	7. Other carotenoproteins	144
	8. Conclusions - future prospects	147
	References	147
	Carotenoid Radicals and Radical Ions	149
	A. Introduction	149
	1. Definitions	149
	2. The roles of carotenoid radicals	150
	B. Radical Ions	152
	1. Formation and detection of carotenoid radical ions	152
	2. Structural and spectroscopic properties of carotenoid radical ions	154
	3. Reduction (redox) potentials for carotenoid radical ions	162
	C. Carotenoid Neutral Radicals	166
	1. Formation and detection of carotenoid neutral radicals	166
	D. Unidentified Carotenoid Radicals	167
	E. Reaction of Carotenoids with Oxidizing Free Radicals	167
	1. Factors that influence the mechanism of reactions of free radicals with carotenoids	167
	2. Free-radical scavenging mechanisms in environments of low polarity	168
	3. Free-radical scavenging mechanisms in polar and heterogeneous environments	168
	F. Reactions of Carotenoid Radicals	170
	1. Carotenoid radical cations (CAR +)	170
	2. Carotenoid radical anions (CAR)	174
	3. Carotenoid neutral radicals	176
	G. Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Properties	177
	H. Conclusion	180
	References	180
	Structure and Properties of Carotenoid Cations<