: Tarek K. A. Hamid
: Thinking in Circles About Obesity Applying Systems Thinking to Weight Management
: Copernicus
: 9780387094694
: 1
: CHF 28.40
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: Angewandte Psychologie
: English
: 468
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Today's children may well become the first generation of Americans whose life expectancy will be shorter than that of their parents. The culprit, public health experts agree, is obesity and its associated health problems. Heretofore, the strategy to slow obesity's galloping pace has been driven by what the philosopher Karl Popper calls ''the bucket theory of the mind. '' When minds are seen as containers and public understanding is viewed as being a function of how many scientific facts are known, the focus is naturally on how many scientific facts public minds contain. But the strategy has not worked. Despite all the diet books, the wide availability of reduced-calorie and reduced-fat foods, and the broad publicity about the obesity problem, America's waistline continues to expand. It will take more than food pyramid images or a new nutritional guideline to stem obesity's escalation. Albert Einstein once observed that the significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them, and that we would have to shift to a new level, a deeper level of thinking,tosolvethem. Thisbookarguesfor,andpresents adifferent perspective for thinking about and addressing the obesity problem: a systems thinking perspective. While already commonplace in engineering and in business, the use of systems thinking in personal health is less widely adopted. Yet this is precisely the setting where complexities are most problematicandwherethestakesa ehighest.

Dr. Tarek K.A. Hamid is a trained system dynamicist (with a PhD from MIT, and a winner of the Forrester award for his first book). He has been a Professor of System Dynamics at the Naval Postgraduate School, in Monterey, CA since 1986, where he was awarded the Naval Postgraduate School's Faculty Performance Award, in recognition of meritorious faculty performance in both research and teaching.

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In the mid 1990s he became extremely interested in the confluence of information and medical technologies, and saw it as one of the most promising new frontiers for system dynamics research and public policy. But he had a lot for me to learn. So, in 1997, he took an open-ended leave-of-absence and enrolled in the Master's Program at Stanford's Engineering Economic Systems& OR Dept., where he focused on decision analysis and medical decision-making. (Returning to become a master student, while already holding a PhD was certainly a 'weird' experience-for him, and for his professors-but it was a lot of fun.) It was during his studies at Stanford that he began to see the natural fit between the obesity problem (as a dynamic system of energy regulation) and system dynamics. (Research was revealing that human bioenergetics belongs to the class of multi-loop nonlinear feedback systems-the same class of system that system dynamics aims to study.)

    Upon graduation, he spent a year (1999-2000) as an affiliate at Stanford's Medical Informatics Department (part of Stanford's Medical School), where he worked on developing system dynamics models of human physiology and metabolism. In December 2001, he returned to his faculty position at the Naval Postgraduate School where he continues his research on medical decision making and modeling of human metabolism and energy regulation.

    When not teaching or writing, Tarek is usually on the water. With his wife, Nadia, won first place in the 1999 San Francisco to Santa Barbara Yacht Race (Cruise Division) on their traditional Alden 45 sloop.

Preface6
The Book’s Outline7
The Story of the Book8
Acknowledgments9
Contents11
Part 1: Mismanaging the Obesity Threat17
Like Boiled Frogs18
How the Problem Sneaked Up on Us18
The Temperature Is Rising20
The Heavy Burden of Obesity22
For Older Americans, The Future Is Now24
The Sociocultural Burden25
‘‘Globesity’’26
A Bucket Half-Empty?27
The Leverage (or the Impediment) Is with the People28
It Is Not Easy Becoming a Top Gun29
States In Mind31
Emotions Play a Role35
Failure to Learn from Failure37
Single-Loop vs. Double-Loop Learning37
Barriers to Learning42
What Is to Be Done?43
Metanoia43
Synthesis, Not Analysis43
What Is Feedback?47
Circles, Not Straight Lines47
Dynamic, Not Static51
Obliterating, Not Automating53
Notes55
Part 2: How We Changed Our Environment, and Now Our Environment Is Changing Us65
Unbalanced Act66
‘‘For every complex problem there is an [explanation] that is simple, direct, and hellip wrong.’’67
Moving Beyond Individual-Centric Explanations69
‘‘Civilization is but a filmy fringe on the history of man.’’69
Evolved Asymmetry of Our Physiology72
How Asymmetry Is Achieved by Our Physiology73
Asymmetry in Energy Intake73
Asymmetry in Energy Expenditure77
Asymmetry in Energy Storage78
Conclusion80
Human-Environment Interactions: Not One Way hellip and Not One-Way81
Human Behavior Is Not Expressed in a Vacuum83
It Is Not Just Physical84
We shape our environment, and then our environment shapes us.86
A Symphony Out of Tune?87
Tilting the Energy Balance: More Energy In88
The Quantity of Food We Eat89
The Causes Behind the Cause91
How America’s Eating Habits Started to Change91
The First Mechanism: The Time We Eat97
Soft Drinks: The Liquid Snack99
The Second Mechanism: Where We Eat101
Fast Food: Eat Anywhere, Everywhere102
The Qualitative Dimension103
The Quantity Dimension106
Events Give Birth to Trends, But What Escalates Them Are Self-Reinforcing Processes111
Demand-Pull114
Supply-Push116
Putting It All Together119
Hurricane Obesa120
Tilting the Energy Balance: Less Energy Out121
The Water Is Boiling!121
Work: Engineering Energy Expenditure Out of the Workplace123
Moving About: Transport and Urban Design125
Play and Leisure128
The Burden Is Cumulative130
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or Changing the Vicious to Virtuous131
Individual Differences134
Some Are ‘‘Squares,’’ and Some Are Not134
Deciphering the Code, One Gene at a Time135
Genes and Individual Susceptibility to Weight Gain: The Experimental Findings137
The Pimas