In Late Antiquity, and above all in the fourth century, far-reaching changes took place in the political, social and religious environments. The pagan authors of the Roman East (the Emperor Julian, Libanius, Eunapius, Themistius) experienced this process as a threatening crisis, and reacted with the pen. This study considers important contemporary themes such as the construction of identity, ideal rule or the correct interpretation of current reality, so providing the first exposition of the specific character of these writings.