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A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire

:	Uzi Baram, Lynda Carroll (Eds.)
:	A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire
:	Kluwer Academic Publishers
:	9780306471827
:	1
:	CHF 61.20
:

:	Naturwissenschaft
:	English

:	272
:	DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Archaeology in the Middle East and the Balkans rarely focuses on the recent past, as a result, archaeologists have largely ignored the material remains of the Ottoman Empire. Drawing on a wide variety of case studies and essays, this volume documents the emerging field of Ottoman archaeology and the relationship of this new field to anthropological, classical, and historical archaeology as well as Ottoman studies.

9 Transformations, Readings, and Visions of the Ottoman Mosque (p. 119-120)
Alison B. Snyder

INTRODUCTION

Buildings can express and capture the essence of an epoch. Cultures display their social, political, religious and artistic foundations through their built structures. Power and strength may be codified and packaged for regional consumption and in this way the religious building is imbued with layered meanings. During the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries, the Ottoman mosque underwent substantial design transformations. To investigate these, I am interested in connecting an historical and theoretical architectural perspective with archaeology. Though this study is primarily concerned with the religious building typologies developed during Ottoman times, these structures remain in the extant landscape.

The allure and mystery behind the persistent contradictions and social conflicts inherent in today’s Turkey with its enduring ancient traditions can be viewed through the ubiquitous mosque (cami). When studying some of the existing literature on Ottoman architecture, there are several who have written on specific buildings, their elements and the societal factors surrounding them. Yet, there are three to whom I will first call attention to, as they have written copiously on this broad subject as well as on the specifics.

It appears that most scholarly work dealing with the Ottoman mosque is primarily concerned with experimentation in structural technology (and then current capabilities) as the major catalyst for producing new design configurations, mentioning light and lighting as a byproduct (for example, Godfrey Goodwin’s 1971AHistory of Ottoman Architecture, Dogan Kuban’s 1985Muslim Religious Architecture: Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods and a 1997 paper in Muqarnas, and Aptullah Kuran’s 1986 Sinan: The Grand Old Master of Ottoman Architecture ).

To date, there has been no formal analysis that traces mosque design transformation during the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries in Turkey especially with regard to light. Giving credence to the concept of looking at how light is handled with respect to the design of ancient structures, one might consider the best of current architecture. Twentieth-century architects around the world have worked with and have been inspired by designing with light in their religious (and secular) buildings.

Perhaps the most wellknown are Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto, and Aero Saarinen, as well as, current architecture such as Tadao Ando’s or Steven Holl’s chapels, and Louis Kahn’s or Pietro Belluschi’s synagogues. (Others such as Jean Nouvel, Norman Foster, and Ricardo Legorreta consistently use light to inspire their secular designs.)

The essence of light has and continues to be explored literally and metaphorically by many authors, philosophers, scientists and lighting designers. By focusing on the influence and perception of light with regard to the designing of architecture, and here, specifically the mosque, a richer understanding and more comprehensive view will be gained. Look into these buildings in a way that you may not have before to see that both natural and manmade (or manufactured) light may be considered the protagonists of mosque design.

	Contributors	6
	Contents	11
	Part I Introduction	15
	1 The Future of the Ottoman Past	17
	INTRODUCING AN OTTOMAN ARCHAEOLOGY	17
	CONTEXTS FOR AN ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE OTTOMAN PAST	19
	THE OTTOMAN LEGACY	22
	THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF AN EMPIRE	26
	OTTOMAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND GLOBAL ANALYSES	27
	THE MANY PATHS TOWARD AN OTTOMAN ARCHAEOLOGY	29
	UNCOVERING THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE	39
	THE PROLOGUE	39
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	41
	REFERENCES	41
	Part II From Archaeology to a “History from Below”	48
	2 Agriculture and Rural Settlement in Ottoman Crete, 1669-1898	51
	INTRODUCTION	51
	AGRICULTURE IN OTTOMAN CRETE	55
	A RURAL SETTLEMENT HISTORY	60
	THE RECENT SYSTEM OF CULTUVATION IN THE VROKASTRO AREA	68
	METOCHIA	70
	AGRICULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE	74
	CONCLUSIONS	83
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	86
	NOTES	87
	REFERENCES	88
	3 The Archaeology of Ottoman Ti’innik	93
	INTRODUCTION	93
	WHY OTTOMAN ARCHAEOLOGY?	94
	POLITICAL, THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS	95
	USE OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY DATABASE	96
	ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH	98
	BREAKING NEW GROUNDS, PROBLEMS	99
	CONCLUSION	101
	NOTES	101
	REFERENCES	102
	4 Dendrochronologically Dated Ottoman Monuments	107
	INTRODUCTION	107
	DISCUSSION OF STRUCTURES AND THEIR DATES	110
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	147
	REFERENCES	148
	5 Entangled Objects from the Palestinian Past	151
	INTRODUCTION	151
	CHARTING THE TERRAIN OTTOMAN PALESTINE AND THE PALESTINIAN PAST	152
	ARTIFACTS OF THE MODERN WORLD	156
	ENTANGLED OBJECTS	161
	UNCOVERING THE HABITS OF MODERNITY	168
	CONCLUSIONS	169
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	170
	REFERENCES	170
	6 Toward an Archaeology of Non-Elite Consumption in Late Ottoman Anatolia	175
	THE RELEVANCE OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY FOR OTTOMAN ANATOLIA	176
	CONSUMPTION AS ECONOMIC PROCESS	178
	ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE	180
	OTTOMAN CERAMIC ‘TRADITIONS’	184
	CONCLUSIONS	189
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	190
	NOTE	190
	REFERENCES	191
	Part III Trade, Subsistence and Ideology in the Ottoman Empire	195
	7 The Sadana Island Shipwreck	198
	THE SHIPWRECK	198
	THE HULL	211
	CONCLUSIONS	212
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	213
	REFERENCES	214
	8 Daily Life in the Shadow of Empire	217
	INTRODUCTION	217
	WHAT IS MEANT BY A FOOD SYSTEMS APPROACH?	218
	CAN WE SPEAK OF AN IMPERIAL OTTOMAN FOOD SYSTEM?	220
	CAN WE SPEAK OF AN INDIGENOUS RESISTANCE TO IMPERIAL INTERVENTIONS?	223
	HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS	226
	THE RELEVANCE OF OTTOMAN ARCHAEOLOGY	227
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	229
	NOTES	229
	REFERENCES	230
	9 Transformations, Readings, and Visions of the Ottoman Mosque	233
	INTRODUCTION	233
	DOCUMENTATION AND STUDY	239
	MOSQUE FORMS AND LIGHTING TYPES: A VOCABULARY	239
	CONCLUSION	252
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	253
	REFERENCES	253
	Part IV Prospects	255
	10 Sultans, Merchants, and Minorities	257
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	264
	REFERENCES	264
	11 Diverse Approaches to the Ottoman Past	267
	REFERENCES	274
	Appendix A Chronology for the Ottoman Empire: Some Key Dates in Ottoman History, 1260-1923	275
	Index	279