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The Landscape Ecology of Fire

:	Donald A. Falk, Carol S. Miller, Donald McKenzie
:	Donald McKenzie, Carol Miller, Donald A. Falk
:	The Landscape Ecology of Fire
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789400703018
:	1
:	CHF 135.40
:

:	Ökologie
:	English

:	312
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Global warming is expected to change fire regimes, likely increasing the severity and extent of wildfires in many ecosystems around the world. What will be the landscape-scale effects of these altered fire regimes? Within what theoretical contexts can we accurately assess these effects? We explore the possible effects of altered fire regimes on landscape patch dynamics, dominant species (tree, shrub, or herbaceous) and succession, sensitive and invasive plant and animal species and communities, and ecosystem function. Ultimately, we must consider the human dimension: what are the policy and management implications of increased fire disturbance, and what are the implications for human communities?

	Lara-Karena Kellogg	6
	Foreword	8
	Preface	10
	Acknowledgments	14
	Contents	16
	Part I Concepts and Theory	22
	1.2 An Energetic Framework for Understanding Landscape Fire	27
	1.2.1 Self-Limiting Properties of Landscape Fire	33
	1.2.2 Self-Reinforcing Properties of Landscape Fire	34
	1.2.3 Top-down Vs. Bottom-up Controls	35
	1.2.4 Landscapes and the Middle-Number Domain	36
	1.3 Some Implications	40
	1.4 Conclusions	41
	References	41
	2.2 Scale and Contagious Disturbance	47
	2.3 Extrapolating Across Scales	48
	2.4 Scaling Laws and Fire Regimes	49
	2.4.1 Fire Size Distributions	50
	2.4.2 Fire Frequency	51
	2.4.3 Fire Hazard	52
	2.4.4 Correlated Spatial Patterns	54
	2.4.5 Mechanisms	55
	2.5 Example: Power Laws and Spatial Patterns in Low-Severity Fire Regimes	56
	2.5.1 Neutral Model for Fire History	59
	2.5.2 Prediction of Sørensen’s Distance	60
	2.6 Conclusions and Implications	64
	References	65
	Chapter 3: Native Fire Regimes and Landscape Resilience	69
	3.1 Introduction	69
	3.2 Landscape Resilience	70
	3.3 Fire Regime Characterization	71
	3.4 Fire Regime Variation and Resilience	73
	3.5 Fences and Corridors	75
	3.6 Fire Size Distributions and Power Laws	76
	3.7 Theories on the Origin of Power Laws	77
	3.8 Example Ecosystems	79
	3.9 Fire Size Distributions in Chaparral Ecosystems	80
	3.9.1 Exposed vs. Sheltered from Extreme Fire Weather	81
	3.9.2 Landscape Resilience in Chaparral	83
	3.10 Fire Size Distributions in Ecoregions of California	84
	3.10.1 Distribution Fitting	85
	3.10.2 Evaluating Top-down and Bottom-up Controls	88
	3.10.3 Characteristics of California Fires	90
	3.10.4 Selecting an Optimal Ecoregion Scale	91
	3.10.5 Distribution Fits for California Fires	92
	3.11 The Meso-Scale Process Domain and a Role for Topography	94
	3.12 From Whence Come the Distributions?	97
	3.13 Concluding Thoughts	99
	References	100
	Part II Climate Context	105
	Chapter 4: Climate and Spatial Patterns of Wildfirein North America	106
	4.1 Introduction	106
	4.2 Mechanisms of Top-down Control	108
	4.2.1 Ignition Events	108
	4.2.2 Fire Spread	110
	4.2.3 Fuel Moisture	112
	4.2.4 Fuels Production	113
	4.3 Patterns of Top-down Control	115
	4.3.1 The El Niño Southern Oscillation	115
	4.3.2 The Pacific Decadal Oscillation	119
	4.3.3 The Northern Hemisphere Annual Mode	121
	4.3.4 The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation	122
	4.4 Fire in the Future	122
	4.5 Summary and Conclusions	124
	References	125
	Chapter 5: Climatic Water Balance and Regional Fire Years in the Pacific Northwest, USA: Linking Regional Climate and Fire at Landscape Scales	133
	5.1 Introduction	133
	5.2 Methods: Identifying Relationships between Water Balance and Area Burned	136
	5.2.1 Data Analysis	140
	5.3 Results	140
	5.4 Discussion	147
	5.4.1 Linking Water Balance and Fire at Finer Scales	150
	5.4.2 Implications for Future Landscapes and Modeling	152
	References	153
	Part III Landscape Fire Dynamics and Interactions	156
	Chapter 6: Pyrogeography and Biogeochemical Resilience	157
	6.1 Introduction	157
	6.2 Fire Biogeochemistry	158
	6.3 Pyrogeography	161
	6.4 Biogeochemical Resilience	162
	6.5 Example: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem	165
	6.6 Looking Forward: Biogeochemical Resilience and the Landscape Ecology of Fire	168
	6.6.1 Identify the Conditions under Which Interactions of Post-fire Biogeochemistry and Vegetation Shift Systems to Alternate States	168
	6.6.2 Compare Models with Empirical Data from Multiple Scales of Space and Time	169
	6.6.3 Use Concepts of Equilibrium to Explore Conditions that Promote Resilience	169
	6.6.4 Establish a General Framework for Biogeochemical Resilience across a Variety of Ecosystems and Disturbance Regimes, and Over a Broader Range of BiogeochemicalFluxes	170
	References	171
	Chapter 7: Reconstructing Landscape Pattern of Historical Fires and Fire Regimes	178
	7.1 Introduction	178
	7.2 Methods: Reconstructing Spatial Pattern of Fire	181
	7.2.1 Fire Scars	181
	7.2.2 Spatial Interpolation Techniques	183
	7.2.2.1 Thiessen Polygons	184
	7.2.2.2 Inverse Distance Weighting	184
	7.2.2.3 Indicator Kriging	185
	7.2.3 Fire Regime Metrics	186
	7.2.3.1 Annual Area Burned	186
	7.2.3.2 Natural Fire Rotation (NFR)	186
	7.2.4 Case Studies	187
	7.2.4.1 Case Studies	189
	7.3 Results: Spatially Reconstructed Fire Histories	191
	7.3.1 Fine-Scale Spatial Fire History	191
	7.3.2 Mid-Scale Spatial Fire History	192
	7.3.3 Broad-Scale Spatial Fire History	193
	7.4 Insights from Spatial Reconstruction of Fire Histories	193
	7.4.1 Basic Insights from Case Studies	193
	7.4.2 Understanding Topographic Control of Fire Spread	195
	7.4.3 Reconstructing Spatial Heterogeneity in Fire Occurrence and Burn Severity	195
	7.4.4 Reconstructing Landscape Patterns of Fire across Multiple Years	196
	7.4.5 Estimation of Statistical Properties of Fire Regimes	197
	7.4.6 Temporal Considerations in Interpreting Landscape Patterns of Historical Fire	199
	7.4.7 Appli