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Surface-Based Remote Sensing of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

:	Stefan Emeis
:	Surface-Based Remote Sensing of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048193400
:	1
:	CHF 85.30
:

:	Sonstiges
:	English

:	174
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

The book presents a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) research. It focuses on experimental ABL research, while most of the books on ABL discuss it from a theoretical or fluid dynamics point of view.

Experiment l ABL research has been made so far by surface-based in-situ experimentation (tower measurements up to a few hundred meters, surface energy balance measurements, short aircraft experiments, short experiments with tethered balloons, constant-level balloons, evaluation of radiosonde data). Surface flux measurements are also discussed in the book. Although the surface fluxes are one of the main driving factors for the daily variation of the ABL, an ABL description is only complete if its vertical structure is analyzed and determined. Satellite information is available covering large areas, but it has only limited temporal resolution and lacks sufficient vertical resolution. Therefore, surface-based remote sensing is a large challenge to enlarge the database for ABL studies, as it offers nearly continuous and vertically highly resolved information for specific sites of interest.

Consid rable progress has been made in the recent years in studying of ground-based remote sensing of the ABL. The book discusses such new subjects as micro-rain radars and the use of ceilometers for ABL profiling, modern small wind lidars for wind energy applications, ABL flux profile measurements, RASS techniques, and mixing-layer height determination.

Prof. Dr. Stefan Emeis is a meteorologist and has been working in his profession for more than 30 years. His main topics are measuring and modelling wind profiles, turbulence, and the stratification of the atmospheric boundary layer. He utilizes ground-based remote sensing techniques (SODAR, RASS, Ceilometer) and numerical simulation models (MM5, WRF). He completed his PhD at Bonn University in 1985 and his postdoctoral thesis at Karlsruhe University in 1994. In 1991 he spent his three-month sabbatical leave at the Danish National Laboratory's Institute for Wind Energy in Risø. Since 1995 he has been working at the Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, which today forms part of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Prof. Dr. Emeis currently gives lectures on meteorological measurement techniques at Cologne University. Since 1992 he has been involved in the publication of Meteorologische Zeitschrift, and since 2007 he has served as deputy editor-in-chief of this journal.

	Preface	5
	References	6
	Contents	7
	List of Abbreviations	10
	1 Introduction	13
	1.1 The Beginnings of Boundary Layer Research	13
	1.2 Short History of Upper-Air Measurements	14
	1.3 The Beginning of Ground-Based Remote Sensing	17
	1.4 The Scope of This Book	19
	References	20
	2 Analytical Description and Vertical Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer	21
	2.1 Introduction	21
	2.2 ABL Over Flat Terrain	22
	2.2.1 Neutral (Dynamical) Boundary Layer	23
	2.2.1.1 Prandtl Layer	24
	2.2.1.2 Ekman Layer	25
	2.2.1.3 Unified Description of the Wind Profile for the Boundary Layer	26
	2.2.1.4 Internal Boundary Layers	28
	2.2.2 Convective Boundary Layer	29
	2.2.3 Stable Boundary Layer	32
	2.3 Urban Boundary Layers	33
	2.4 Forest Boundary Layers	35
	2.5 Marine Boundary Layers	36
	2.5.1 Land--Sea Wind System	39
	2.6 Mountainous Terrain	40
	References	42
	3 Basic Principles of Surface-Based Remote Sensing	45
	3.1 Introduction	45
	3.2 RADAR	48
	3.2.1 Windprofiler	52
	3.2.2 Micro Rain RADAR	53
	3.3 SODAR	54
	3.3.1 SNODAR	58
	3.4 RASS	58
	3.4.1 Bragg-(Windprofiler) RASS	58
	3.4.2 Doppler-(SODAR) RASS	59
	3.5 LIDAR	61
	3.5.1 Backscatter (Aerosol) LIDAR	63
	3.5.1.1 Ceilometer	63
	3.5.2 Differential Absorption LIDAR	64
	3.5.3 Raman-LIDAR	65
	3.5.4 Doppler Wind LIDAR	67
	3.5.4.1 Range Determination by Signal Delay	67
	3.5.4.2 Range Determination by Beam Focusing	69
	3.5.4.3 Optical Coherence Tomography for Range Determination	70
	3.5.5 Other Optical Flow Measurement Techniques	71
	3.6 Radiometers	71
	3.6.1 Infrared Interferometer	73
	3.7 FTIR	74
	3.8 DOAS	75
	3.9 Scintillometry	76
	3.10 Tomography	78
	References	79
	4 Applications	84
	4.1 Introduction	84
	4.2 Vertical Layering of the ABL	84
	4.2.1 Mixing Layer Height	85
	4.2.1.1 Acoustic Methods	86
	4.2.1.2 Optical Detection of MLH	90
	4.2.1.3 RASS	96
	4.2.1.4 Other Algorithms Using More Than One Instrument	99
	4.2.1.5 Correlation of Pollutant Concentrations with MLH	100
	4.2.2 Boundary Layer Height	102
	4.2.3 Clouds and Cloud Base Height	103
	4.3 Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Variables	104
	4.3.1 Wind and Turbulence	105
	4.3.1.1 Acoustic Techniques	106
	4.3.1.2 Optical Techniques	112
	4.3.1.3 RADAR Windprofiler	115
	4.3.2 Temperature	115
	4.3.2.1 RASS	116
	4.3.2.2 Raman LIDAR	117
	4.3.2.3 Passive Remote Sensing with Radiometers	118
	4.3.2.4 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI)	120
	4.3.3 Humidity, Water, and Ice	120
	4.3.3.1 DIAL Measurements of Humidity	121
	4.3.3.2 Raman LIDAR Measurements of Humidity	121
	4.3.3.3 Radiometer Measurements	123
	4.3.3.4 Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) and FTIR	123
	4.3.3.5 Micro Rain RADAR Measurements	124
	4.3.4 Trace Substances	125
	4.3.4.1 Vertical Profiling	126
	4.3.4.2 Horizontally Path-Averaging	127
	4.4 Vertical Flux Profiles	129
	4.4.1 Momentum Flux	132
	4.4.2 Heat Flux	136
	4.4.3 Humidity or Water Vapour Flux	138
	4.5 Regional and Local Flow Systems	139
	4.5.1 Low-Level Jets	139
	4.5.2 Gust Fronts and Cold Air Outflows	141
	4.5.3 Land and Sea Breeze	142
	4.5.4 Flow in Mountainous Terrain, Valley, and Mountain Breeze	143
	4.5.5 Drainage and Katabatic Flows	146
	4.6 Conclusions on the Applicability of Ground-Based Remote Sensing for ABL Research and Monitoring	148
	References	149
	5 Outlook	159
	5.1 Introduction	159
	5.2 Technological Advancements	159
	5.3 Application Needs	160
	References	162
	Appendix	164
	A.1 Introduction	164
	A.2 Name and Scope	164
	A.3 The Series of Conferences	165
	Reference	166
	Glossary	167
	References	175
	Name Index	176
	Subject Index	177