| Table of Contents | 6 |
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| Introduction To AL FLESH IS GRAS:PLANT–ANIMAL INTERACTIONS | 8 |
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| LIST OF AUTHORS AND THEIR ADDRESES | 12 |
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| Part 1:EVOLUTION of Plant animal relationship | 17 |
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| EVOLUTION OF PLANT–ANIMAL INTERACTIONS | 23 |
| Part 2:INSECTS INTERACTIONS | 49 |
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| INTESTINAL SPIROCHETES OF TERMITES | 77 |
| THE PLANT–APHID UNIVERSE | 101 |
| INSECT–PLANT INTERACTIONS: THE GALL FACTOR | 128 |
| THE LEAF-CUTTING ANT–PLANT INTERACTION FROM A MICROBIAL ECOLOGY PERSPECTIVE | 51 |
| Part 3:POLLINATION AND SEED DISPERSAL | 154 |
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| ANTS AS POLLINATORS OF PLANTS AND THE ROLE OF FLORAL SCENTS | 156 |
| CROP POLLINATION IN MODERN AGRICULTURE | 168 |
| BEE COGNITION AND CROP POLLINATION: PROVEN AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS | 186 |
| ZOOCHORY: THE DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY ANIMALS | 201 |
| Part 4:ANIMALS AND HUMANS INVOLVEMENT | 215 |
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| GRAZING LIVESTOCK, OUR CONNECTION TO GRASS: A MEDITERRANEAN INSIGHT | 218 |
| HERBIVORE–PLANT INTERACTIONS AND DESERTIFICATION IN ARID LANDS | 237 |
| MICROSCOPIC IN SIZE: MACROSCOPIC IN IMPACT. DIATOM–HUMAN INTERACTIONS | 256 |
| Part 5:PLANT DEFENSES | 281 |
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| BIOCHEMICAL PLANT DEFENSES AGAINST HERBIVORES | 283 |
| THE XANTHIUM GENUS | 306 |
| Part 6:MARINE ENVIRONMENTS | 313 |
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| THE DIVERSITY OF EPIZOIC DIATOMS | 317 |
| EPIZOIC DIATOMS ON GASTROPOD SHELLS | 337 |
| MANAGING THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN MARINE MULTI-TROPHIC AQUACULTURE | 354 |
| MARINE MICROALGAE/CYANOBACTERIA–INVERTEBRATE SYMBIOSIS | 370 |
| THE ROLE OF RHODOLITH BEDS IN THE RECRUITMENT OF INVERTEBRATE SPECIES FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO | 401 |
| FUELED BY SYMBIOSIS, FORAMINIFERA HAVE EVOLVED TO BE GIANT COMPLEX PROTISTS | 412 |
| Part 7:CAR NIVOROUS PLANTS | 436 |
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| ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL LOOK AT PLANT CARNIVORY | 438 |
| REVERSING THE ROLES OF PREDATOR AND PREY | 472 |
| ORGANISM Index | 498 |
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| SUBJECT Index | 502 |
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| Author Index | 509 |
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