| Contents | 5 |
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| 1 Introduction: Networking in Schools | 9 |
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| 1.1 Introduction | 9 |
| 1.2 The Impact of Networking and Collaboration in Education | 10 |
| 1.3 Structure of This Book | 13 |
| Part I Theories and Backgrounds | 15 |
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| 2 Networking and Collaboration as a Public Policy Framework | 16 |
| 2.1 The Development of Networks as Policy Delivery Mechanisms | 16 |
| 2.2 Types of Public Policy Networks | 18 |
| 2.3 Research on Public Sector Networking | 21 |
| 2.4 Collaboration as an Educational Policy | 22 |
| 3 Localised Theories of Networking and Collaboration | 25 |
| 3.1 Constructivist Organisational Theory as a Basis for Networking | 25 |
| 3.2 Creating Social Capital as a Basis for Networking | 27 |
| 3.3 Social Network Theory as a Basis for Networking | 30 |
| 4 Societal Theories of Networking and Collaboration | 34 |
| 4.1 Creating Networks as New Social Movements | 34 |
| 4.2 Avoiding Organisational Anomie as a Basis for Collaboration | 36 |
| 4.3 Functionalist Theories of Networking | 38 |
| 4.4 Conclusion | 41 |
| 5 Towards a Typology of Educational Networks | 42 |
| 5.1 Goals and Activities | 42 |
| 5.2 What Networks? Further Classifications on Key Dimensions | 45 |
| 5.2.1 Voluntarism or Coercion | 45 |
| 5.2.2 Power Relations | 46 |
| 5.2.3 Network Density | 47 |
| 5.2.4 External Involvement | 48 |
| 5.2.5 Different Time Frames | 49 |
| 5.2.6 Geographical Spread | 49 |
| 5.2.7 Density of Schools | 51 |
| 5.2.8 Vertical or Horizontal Networking | 52 |
| 5.2.9 Network Diffuseness | 52 |
| 5.2.10 Network Formalisation | 53 |
| 5.3 Conclusion | 53 |
| Part II Networking in Practise | 54 |
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| 6 Federations of Schools: Case Studies of Practice | 55 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 55 |
| 6.2 Methods | 56 |
| 6.2.1 Identification and Selection of Case Studies | 56 |
| 6.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis | 57 |
| 6.3 Findings | 58 |
| 6.3.1 Governance Arrangements | 58 |
| 6.3.1.1 Soft Federations | 59 |
| 6.3.1.2 'Hard' Federations | 60 |
| 6.3.2 Leadership and Management | 62 |
| 6.3.2.1 Context of Federation Leadership and Management | 62 |
| 6.3.3 Senior Leadership and Management Within Federations | 63 |
| 6.3.4 Middle Level Leadership and Management in Federations: Ownership and Involvement | 65 |
| 6.4 Conclusion | 66 |
| 6.4.1 Reflecting on Governance | 67 |
| 6.4.2 Reflecting on Leadership | 68 |
| 7 The Impact of Federations on Student Achievement | 70 |
| 7.1 Introduction | 70 |
| 7.2 Methods | 70 |
| 7.2.1 Researching the Relationship Between Federations and Student Outcomes: Aims and Objectives | 70 |
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