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UV Radiation in Global Climate Change Measurements, Modeling and Effects on Ecosystems

:	Wei Gao, Daniel L. Schmoldt, James R. Slusser
:	Wei Gao, Daniel Schmoldt, James R. Slusser
:	UV Radiation in Global Climate Change Measurements, Modeling and Effects on Ecosystems
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783642033131
:	1
:	CHF 170.60
:

:	Sonstiges
:	English

:	544
:	DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Numerous studies report that ultraviolet (UV) radiation is harmful to living organisms and detrimental to human health. Growing concerns regarding the increased levels of UV-B radiation that reach the earth's surface have led to the development of ground- and space-based measurement programs. Further study is needed on the measurement, modeling, and effects of UV radiation. The chapters of this book describe the research conducted across the globe over the past three decades in the areas of: (1) current and predicted levels of UV radiation and its associated impact on ecosystems and human health, as well as economic and social implications; (2) new developments in UV instrumentation, advances in calibration (ground- and satellite-based), measurement methods, modeling efforts, and their applications; and (3) the effects of global climate change on UV radiation.

Dr. Wei Gao is a Senior Research Scientist and the Director of the USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University. Dr. Gao is a SPIE fellow and serves as the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Applied Remote Sensing.

Dr. Daniel L. Schmoldt is the National Program Leader for instrumentation and sensors at the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dr. Schmoldt served as joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal, Computers& Electronics in Agriculture, from 1997 to 2004.

Dr. James R. Slusser retired in 2007 from the USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program at Colorado State University. He was active in the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, the American Geophysical Union, and the American Meteorological Society. Dr. Slusser is currently pursuing his interests in solar energy and atmospheric transmission.

	Preface	7
	Table of Contents	9
	List of Contributors	18
	1 A Climatology of UV Radiation, 1979– 2000, 65S –65N	22
	1.1 Introduction	22
	1.2 Method	23
	1.3 Results	27
	1.3.1 Satellite-Derived UV Climatologies	27
	1.3.2 Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements	35
	1.3.3 Discussion of Uncertanties	37
	1.4 Conclusions	38
	References	39
	2 Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Ultraviolet Radiation	42
	2.1 Introduction	43
	2.2 Long Term Changes in UVEry	43
	2.3 Geographical Variability in UVEry	44
	2.4 Peak UV	45
	2.4.1 Peak UV Index	45
	2.4.2 Peak UV Daily Dose	49
	2.5 Comparing Weighting Functions for Erythema and Vitamin D	50
	2.6 Seasonal and Diurnal Variation of UVEry and UVVitD	52
	2.7 Global Climatologies of UVEry and UVVitD	54
	2.8 Relationship Between UVVitD and UVEry	57
	2.9 Production of Vitamin D from Sunlight	59
	2.10 Calculation of Optimal Times for Exposure to Sunlight	59
	2.11 An Inconsistency	63
	2.12 Conclusions	65
	References	66
	3 Climatology of Ultraviolet Radiation at High Latitudes Derived from Measurements of the National Science Foundation’s Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitoring Network	69
	3.1 Introduction	70
	3.2 Data Analysis	72
	3.2.1 Data	72
	3.2.2 Establishment of Climatologies	73
	3.2.3 Estimates of Historical UV Indices	73
	3.3 UV Index Climatology	77
	3.3.1 South Pole	77
	3.3.2 McMurdo Station	78
	3.3.3 Palmer Station	80
	3.3.4 Ushuaia	81
	3.3.5 San Diego	81
	3.3.6 Barrow	82
	3.4 Climatology of UV-A Irradiance	83
	3.5 Comparison of Radiation Levels at Network Sites	86
	3.6 Conclusions and Outlook	90
	References	91
	4 UV Solar Radiation in Polar Regions: Consequences for the Environment and Human Health	94
	4.1 Introduction	95
	4.2 Networks and Databanks	97
	4.3 Impact of Solar UV on the Environment	100
	4.3.1 Effect of the Environment on Solar UV	106
	4.4 Impact of Solar UV on Human Health	109
	4.4.1 Information and Protection Programs	113
	4.4.2 Dosimetry, UV Modeling, and Instruments	114
	4.5 Concluding Remarks	119
	References	120
	5 Changes in Ultraviolet and Visible Solar Irradiance 1979 to 2008	127
	5.1 Introduction	127
	5.2 Instrumentation	133
	5.3 Detection of Long-Term Change	142
	5.3.1 Radiation Amplification Factor	143
	5.3.2 Different Definitions of RAF	146
	5.3.3 Estimating UV Trends: Discussion	147
	5.3.4 Reduction of UV Irradiance by Clouds and Aerosols	149
	5.3.5 Stokes Derivation of CT=(1–R) / (1–RG)	151
	5.3.6 UV Absorption	153
	5.3.7 Estimating Zonal Average UV Change	153
	5.3.8 Estimating UV Trends: Satellites	154
	5.3.9 Estimating UV Trends: Ground-Based	159
	5.4 UV in the Polar Regions	160
	5.5 Human Exposure to UV	161
	5.6 UV Index and Units	164
	5.7 Action Spectra and Irradiance Trends	164
	5.8 UV Summary	172
	Appendix 5.1 Calculating RAF(ø)	174
	References	176
	6 The Brewer Spectrophotometer	181
	6.1 Introduction	181
	6.2 History	182
	6.3 The Instrument	184
	6.3.1 The Fore-Optics	186
	6.3.2 The Spectrometer	187
	6.3.3 The Photomultiplier Housing	189
	6.3.4 Support Electronics	190
	6.3.5 The Control Computer	191
	6.4 Corrections Applied to Data	191
	6.4.1 Dark Count	191
	6.4.2 Dead Time	192
	6.4.3 Stray Light	193
	6.4.4 Temperature Response	193
	6.4.5 Neutral Density Filters	194
	6.4.6 Cosine Response	194
	6.4.7 Internal Polarization	195
	6.5 Measurement of Total Ozone	196
	6.5.1 Measurement Technique	196
	6.5.2 Calibration	198
	6.6 Measurement of Spectral UV Radiation	200
	6.7 Measurement of Other Atmospheric Variables	202
	6.7.1 Vertical Profile of Ozone	203
	6.7.2 Atmospheric SO2	203
	6.7.3 Atmospheric NO2	204
	6.7.4 Aerosol Optical Depth	204
	6.7.5 Effective Temperature of Atmospheric Ozone	205
	6.8 The Brewer Spectrophotometer as a Powerful Research Tool	206
	6.9 Summary	207
	References	207
	7 Techniques for Solar Dosimetry in Different Environments	213
	7.1 Introduction	213
	7.2 UV Dosimetry and Minimization Strategies	215
	7.3 Miniaturization of Polysulphone Dosimeters	216
	7.4 Measurements on Plants	218
	7.5 Long-Term UV Dosimeters	220
	7.6 Vitamin D Effective UV Dosimetry	221
	7.7 Discussion and Conclusions	222
	References	223
	8 An Ultraviolet Radiation Monitoring and Research Program for Agriculture	226
	8.1 Introduction	227
	8.2 Introduction to the USDA UVMRP (Purpose and History)	228
	8.3 Monitoring Network	229
	8.3.1 Sites and Coverage	229
	8.3.2 Data Products Provided by UVMRP	230
	8.4 Data Collection and Processing	231
	8.4.1 UV-MFRSR Data Processing	233
	8.4.1.1 Dark Current Bia