| Preface and Acknowledgments | 6 |
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| Contents | 8 |
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| Contributors | 10 |
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| Chapter 1: Integrating Perspectives on Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance | 12 |
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| 1.1 Introduction | 12 |
| 1.2 Contemporary Environmental Challenges: A Synopsis | 13 |
| 1.3 Environmental Governance | 15 |
| 1.4 Adaptive Capacity | 16 |
| 1.4.1 Complex Adaptive Systems | 21 |
| 1.4.2 Capacity and Capacity Building | 22 |
| 1.4.3 Institutions | 22 |
| 1.4.4 Social Capital and Networks | 23 |
| 1.4.5 Learning | 23 |
| 1.4.6 Vulnerability and Livelihoods | 24 |
| 1.5 A Roadmap to This Volume | 24 |
| References | 26 |
| Section I: Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Practice | 31 |
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| Chapter 2: Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Reality: Implications for Governance in the Great Barrier Reef Region | 32 |
| 2.1 The Great Barrier Reef Region: A Complex Governance Challenge | 32 |
| 2.2 Adaptive Capacity in Theory | 33 |
| 2.2.1 Review of Definitions | 33 |
| 2.2.1.1 Vulnerability and Adaptation | 34 |
| 2.2.1.2 Resilience | 35 |
| 2.2.2 A Conceptual Lens for Assessing Adaptive Capacity | 36 |
| 2.2.3 From Theoretical Definitions to Operational Measures | 37 |
| 2.3 Adaptive Capacity in ``Reality´´: Examples from the GBR | 37 |
| 2.3.1 Coping with Policy Change in the Fishing Industry | 38 |
| 2.3.2 Natural Resource Managers´ Perceptions of Social Resilience to Water Quality Change | 39 |
| 2.3.3 Public Perceptions of Institutional Roles in Australian Water Management | 41 |
| 2.3.4 The Future Great Barrier Reef: Adaptive Capacity in the Eyes of the Region´s Leaders | 43 |
| 2.4 Adaptive Capacity in Theory and Reality: Matches, Mismatches, and Future Governance of the GBR | 45 |
| References | 47 |
| Chapter 3: Building Adaptive Capacity in Systems Beyond the Threshold: The Story of Macubeni, South Africa | 51 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 51 |
| 3.2 Study Area | 52 |
| 3.2.1 Ecosystem Services | 53 |
| 3.2.2 History of Land Management and Institutional Capacity | 54 |
| 3.2.3 Social Vulnerability | 55 |
| 3.3 Methods | 56 |
| 3.3.1 Scale | 59 |
| 3.3.2 Drivers | 59 |
| 3.3.3 Governance and Co-Management | 59 |
| 3.3.4 Capacity Development | 61 |
| 3.3.5 Motivation | 62 |
| 3.3.6 Adaptive Management and Monitoring | 62 |
| 3.4 Outcomes | 63 |
| 3.4.1 Identifying Drivers | 63 |
| 3.4.2 Strengthening of Governance | 64 |
| 3.4.3 Capacity Development | 65 |
| 3.4.4 Motivation | 65 |
| 3.4.5 Adaptive Management and Monitoring | 66 |
| 3.4.6 Co-Management | 66 |
| 3.5 Discussion | 67 |
| 3.5.1 Linking Resilience and Adaptive Co-Management Theory to Practise | 67 |
| 3.5.2 The Impact of Surprise in Systems Beyond the Threshold: Politics, Conflict, Government Decisions | 68 |
| 3.5.3 Implications for Adaptive Co-Management Theory | 69 |
| 3.5.3.1 Maintaining Key Individuals and Balancing Power Relations | 70 |
| 3.5.3.2 Motivating all Actors to Collaborate | 70 |
| 3.5.3.3 Making the Most of Available Capacity and Resources | 71 |
| 3.5.3.4 Overcoming Disturbances During the Early Stages of the Project | 71 |
| 3.5.3.5 Focusing on the Finest Resolution Within Time and Budget Constraints | 72 |
| 3.5.3.6 Persistence | 72 |
| 3.6 Conclusions | 73 |
| References | 73 |
| Chapter 4: Learning and Adaptation: The Role of Fisheries Comanagement in Building Resilient Social-Ecological Systems | 77 |
| 4.1 Introduction | 77 |
| 4.2 Case Studies | 78 |
| 4.2.1 On the Right Track: Comanagement´s Positive Outcomes in Chile and Malawian Lake Chiuta | 78 |
| 4.2.2 The Challenge to Participatory Management: The Struggle to Implement Comanagement in Malawi and Brazil | 80 |
| 4.3 Deconstructing Fishery Comanagement Arrangements | 82 |
| 4.3.1 Power Imbalances | 82 |
| 4.3.2 Legitimacy Crisis | 85 |
| 4.3.3 Adaptive Learning Mechanisms | 87 |
| 4.3.4 The Threat of Erosion of Social Cohesion | 88 |
| 4.4 Reflections on Advances in Comanagement Arrangements: Lessons from Case Studies | 92 |
| References | 94 |
| Chapter 5: Adaptive Capacity and Adaptation in Swedish Multi-Use Boreal Forests: Sites of Interaction Between Different Land Uses | 97 |
| 5.1 Introduction | 97 |
| 5.2 Theoretical Framework | 98 |
| 5.3 Case Study Area and Methodology | 99 |
| 5.4 Results | 102 |
| 5.4.1 Interaction Between Sectors | 102 |
| 5.4.1.1 Reindeer Husbandry´s Interaction with Other Sectors | 102 |
| 5.4.1.2 Interactions Between Forestry and Environmental Protection | 104 |
| 5.4.1.3 Winter Tourism | 106 |
| 5.4.2 Adaptation and Potential Means of Increasing Adaptive Capacity | 107 |
| 5.5 Conclusion: Sites of Interaction Between Land Uses? | 111 |
| References | 112 |
| Chapter 6: From the Inside Out: A Multi-scale Analysis of Adaptive Capacity in a Northern Community and the Governance Implications | 115 |
| 6.1 Introduction | 115 |
| 6.2 Context and Methods | 116 |
| 6.3 Adaptive Capacity at the Local Level: Endogenous Determinants | 120 |
| 6.4 Enablers of Adaptive Capacity: Scaling Up | 123 |
| 6.4.1 Government Support Programs | 124 |
| 6.4.2 Economic Transition | 125 |
| 6.4.3 Aboriginal and State interrelationships | 126 |
| 6.4.4 The Road to Self-Governance | 128 |
| 6.5 Strengthening Adaptive Capacity in a Northern Social-Ecological System | 131 |
| 6.5.1 Building Social and Cultural Capital | 131 |
| 6.5.2 Improving Human Resources | 133 |
| 6.5.3 Education and Knowledge Transfer | 134 |
| 6.5.4 Policy Development for Adaptation | 135 |
| 6.6 Conclusions | 136 |
| References | 137 |
