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Soil Microbiology and Sustainable Crop Production

:	Emma L. Tilston, Geoffrey R. Dixon
:	G.R. Dixon, Emma L. Tilston
:	Soil Microbiology and Sustainable Crop Production
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048194797
:	1
:	CHF 226.50
:

:	Mikrobiologie
:	English

:	436
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Soils into which crop plants root and from which they obtain essential minerals and water contain huge arrays of microbes. Many have highly beneficial effects on crop growth and productivity, others are pathogens causing diseases and losses to yield and quality, a few microbes offer protection from these pathogenic forms and others have little or no effect. These intimate and often complex inter-relationships are being explored with increasing success providing exciting opportunities for increasing crop yields and quality in sustainable harmony with the populations of beneficial soil microbes and to the detriment of pathogens. This book explores current knowledge for each of these aspects of soil microbiology and indicates where future progress is most likely to aid in increasing crop productivity by means which are environmentally benign and beneficial.

	Soil Microbiology andSustainable Crop Production	3
	Preface	5
	Contents	9
	Contributors	11
	Chapter 1: The Nature of Sustainable Agriculture	15
	Introduction	15
	Recent Challenges in the Global Foodscape	17
	Land Degradation and It Impact on Sustainability	19
	Chemical Degradation	21
	Amelioration of Charge Degradation	26
	Addressing Soil Physical Degradation	32
	Transforming the Agricultural Landscape	35
	References	36
	Chapter 2: The Microbiology of Natural Soils	40
	Introduction	40
	Methods of Study	41
	Soil as a Habitat	42
	Survey of Ecosystems	43
	Tropical Forests	44
	Neotropics: Amazonia, Costa Rica, Hawaii	45
	Conclusions: Neotropics	54
	Tropics of Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania	54
	Conclusions: Old World Tropics	59
	Wetlands	60
	Soil Microbial Communities and Changing Agricultural Management Regimes	62
	Conclusion	64
	References	65
	Chapter 3: Soil Microbiology and Nutrient Cycling	71
	Introduction	71
	The Global Biogeochemical Cycle of Carbon	75
	Organic Matter in Soils and Its Turnover	75
	Factors Controlling Decomposition	78
	Substrate Quality	79
	Organisms	80
	Environmental Conditions	81
	The Biogeochemical Cycle of Nitrogen	83
	Nitrogen Mineralization	83
	Nitrogen Fixation	85
	Denitrification	87
	Nitrification	88
	Microbial Contributions to Phosphorus Cycling in Soil	89
	Concluding Remarks	89
	References	90
	Chapter 4: The Role of Microbial Communities in the Formation and Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter	93
	Introduction	93
	Importance of Soil Microbial Community Composition and Diversity	99
	Interactions Between Microorganisms and Soil Fauna	106
	Impacts of Nutrient Inputs on Microbial Mineralisation	110
	Microorganism-Nutrient Relationships	111
	Mechanisms for Nutrient Effect on the Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter	111
	Effects of Nutrient Addition on Decomposition of Soil Organic Matter Components	113
	Microbial Origin of Soil Organic Matter	115
	References	120
	Chapter 5: Intimate Associations of Beneficial Soil Microbes with Host Plants	131
	Introduction	131
	Mycorrhizas	133
	The Main Types of Mycorrhizas	133
	Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM)	135
	Ectomycorrhiza (ECM)	137
	Orchid Mycorrhiza	137
	Ericoid Mycorrhiza	137
	Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM): Development and Function	138
	Cycle of AM Development	138
	Improvement of Plant Phosphorus Uptake by AM Fungi	142
	Increase of Plant Drought Tolerance	143
	Increase of Plant Resistance to Pathogens	144
	Bacterial Endosymbionts of Mycorrhizal Fungi	145
	Legume-Rhizobia Root-Nodule (RN) Symbiosis	146
	Specificity of RN Symbiosis	146
	Development and Functioning of RN	149
	Developmental Genetics of RN and AM Symbioses	154
	Developmental Genetics of RN Symbiosis	156
	Plant Genes Implicated in AM Development	157
	The Use of Model Legumes for Studying Molecular Genetics of Symbioses	160
	General Scheme of Functioning of the Common Symbiosis Pathway	161
	Plant Receptors Involved in Nodule Formation	164
	Cytokinin Signalling and Reception in Legumes	167
	Autoregulation of RN and AM Symbioses Development	168
	Associations of Roots with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)	169
	Nutritional Associations	170
	Defensive Associations	171
	Mutually Beneficial Associations of Plants with Endophytic Bacteria	175
	Synergism of the Beneficial Soil Microbes in the Rhizosphere	177
	Adaptive Evolution of the Mutually Beneficial Plant–Microbe Symbioses	178
	New Approaches of Application of Mutually Beneficial Plant–Microbe Systems in Sustainable Agriculture	183
	Development of New Types of Microbial Inocula	184
	Legumes in Sustainable Agriculture	185
	Legume Breeding to Improve Their Symbiotic Effectiveness	185
	Analysis of Genetic Variability of Pea with Respect to its Effectiveness of Interactions with Beneficial Soil Microbes	186
	Breeding to Improve Pea Symbiotic Effectiveness	187
	Conclusions	187
	References	188
	Chapter 6: Soil-Borne Pathogens and Their Interactions with the Soil Environment	209
	Introduction	209
	The Impact of Soil-Borne Pathogens on Crops	211
	Quantifying Losses	212
	Evaluating Losses	215
	Mitigation by Manipulating Husbandry	219
	Rotation	219
	Soil Type	222
	Primary Cultivation: Tillage3	225
	Secondary Cultivation	227
	Soil Acidity and Alkalinity (Hydrogen Ion Content, pH)	229
	Nutrient Status	232
	Water Management	239
	Sowing and Planting Times	242
	Soil Solarisation	243
	Cover, Trap and Biofumigation Cropping	245
	Organic Additives	247